Lung Biology in Health and Disease Volume 204 Air Pollutants and the Respiratory Tract, Second Edition

Emphasizing the impact of air toxins and contaminants on human health, this Second Edition examines the latest research from the epidemiology to the cellular mechanisms underlying cardiopulmonary responses to air pollution. This guide offers chapters that address the basic biology, techniques, and clinical practices used to monitor and assess acute and chronic pollutant responses; the effects of specific air toxins and contaminants on various populations chronically exposed to these compounds; and the complex issues associated with translating science to public health policy. Introduction......Page 14 Preface......Page 16 Contributors......Page 20 Contents......Page 24 I. Introduction......Page 30 II. What Have Epidemiologic Studies Taught Us?......Page 31 References......Page 41 I. Introduction......Page 50 II. Structure of the Respiratory Tract......Page 51 III. Particle Deposition in the Respiratory Tract......Page 53 IV. Particle Clearance and Translocation from the Respiratory Tract......Page 70 Table 1......Page 71 V. Summary......Page 84 Acknowledgments......Page 85 References......Page 86 I. Introduction......Page 104 II. Regional Composition of PM and Associated Health Outcomes......Page 105 Table 1......Page 106 Table 2......Page 107 Table 3......Page 108 Table 4......Page 109 III. Composition and Characteristics of PM Determine Bioavailability......Page 110 IV. Bioavailability of PM and Links to Pulmonary Injury......Page 117 V. Bioavailability of PM and Links to Cardiovascular Effects......Page 130 VI. Summary......Page 141 References......Page 142 I. Introduction......Page 164 II. Classic Genetic Models......Page 165 III. Genetically Modified Mice......Page 175 Table 1......Page 176 IV. Conclusion......Page 178 References......Page 179 I. Introduction......Page 186 II. Nasal Passages......Page 187 Table 1......Page 188 V. Respiratory Bronchioles......Page 189 VII. Functions of the Epithelium......Page 193 VIII. Epithelial Cell Metabolism......Page 195 IX. Epithelial Surfaces, Air Pollutants, and Lung Disease......Page 198 References......Page 211 I. Introduction......Page 224 II. Sensory Innervation of the Airways......Page 225 III. CNS Integration......Page 232 IV. Autonomic Nerves......Page 233 V. Airway and Cardiovascular Responses Initiated by Airway Mucosal Sensory Nerves......Page 235 VI. Neurologically Mediated Responses to Air Pollutants......Page 236 VII. Summary......Page 248 References......Page 249 I. Introduction......Page 262 II. Reactive Oxygen and Nitrogen Spcecies in Particle-Induced Lung Disease......Page 265 III. Inflammation and Induction of Proinflammatory Mediators......Page 266 Table 1......Page 267 Table 2......Page 270 IV. PM-Induced Airway Fibrotic Reactions......Page 272 V. PM-Induced Airway Epithelial Cell Growth and Differentiation......Page 276 VI. Summary......Page 279 References......Page 280 I. Introduction......Page 288 II. Standards, Origin, and Sources......Page 293 Table 1......Page 294 Table 2......Page 298 III. Health Effects Related to Chronic Exposure to Oxidant Air Pollutants......Page 300 IV. Exposure and Deposition as Susceptibility Factors for Health Effects Related to Chronic Exposures......Page 303 V. Evidence for Health Effects Associated with Chronic Exposure to Oxidant Air Pollutants......Page 308 Table 3......Page 312 Table 4......Page 314 Table 5......Page 316 VI. Summary and Conclusions......Page 319 References......Page 320 I. Introduction......Page 332 II. Occupational Lung Diseases......Page 334 III. Crystalline Silica......Page 337 IV. Poorly Soluble Particulate Matter......Page 340 Table 1......Page 344 V. Conclusions......Page 352 References......Page 353 I. Introduction......Page 358 III. Definitions......Page 359 Table 1......Page 360 IV. Overview of Diseases Related to Bioaerosol Exposure......Page 361 Table 2......Page 362 Table 3......Page 368 V. Important Environmental Reservoirs......Page 370 VI. Measurements......Page 371 VII. Control......Page 372 VIII. Conclusions......Page 373 References......Page 374 I. Introduction......Page 386 II. Combustion Emissions: Source Characterization, Ambient Source Apportionment, and Exposure......Page 387 Table 1......Page 392 Table 2......Page 394 III. Biomarkers of Exposure, Dose, Susceptibility, and Risk to Air Pollution and Combustion Emissions......Page 404 IV. Summary......Page 410 References......Page 411 I. Historical Background......Page 434 II. Public Perceptions of Air Pollution......Page 435 III. Measured Impacts of Airborne Particulate Matter on Public Health......Page 437 Table 1......Page 439 Table 2......Page 446 IV. Standards and Guidelines to Protect Ambient Air Quality......Page 451 V. Benefits and Costs of the CAA......Page 456 Table 3......Page 459 Table 4......Page 461 Table 5......Page 462 Table 6......Page 464 VI. Unresolved Issues......Page 465 VII. Summary......Page 468 References......Page 469 Index......Page 472 Back cover......Page 478 Air Pollution And Health Effects: Evidence From Epidemiologic Studies -- Particle Dosimetry In The Respiratory Tract -- Bioavailability Of Particle-associated Air Pollutants And Relationship To Cardiopulmonary Injury -- Genetic Susceptibility Factors In The Cardio-pulmonary Response To Air Pollution -- Air Pollutants, Epithelial Surfaces And Lung Disease -- Irritant Agonists And Air Pollutants: Neurologically Mediated Respiratory And Cardiovascular Responses -- Signal Transduction And Cytokine Expression In Particulate Mater (pm)-induced Airway Remodeling -- Chronic Exposure And Susceptibility To Oxidant Air Pollutants -- Pulmonary Toxicity Of Occupational And Environmental Exposures To Fibers And Non-sized Particulate -- Biological Airborne Pollutants -- Combustion Emissions: Contribution To Air Pollution, Human Exposure And Risk To Cancer, And Related Effects -- Air Pollution, Public Health, And Regulatory Considerations. Edited By W. Michael Foster, Daniel L. Costa. Includes Bibliographical References And Index.

Emphasizing the impact of air toxins and contaminants on human health, this Second Edition examines the latest research from the epidemiology to the cellular mechanisms underlying cardiopulmonary responses to air pollution. This guide offers chapters that address the basic biology, techniques, and clinical practices used to monitor and assess acute

Much of the central information for identifying and quantifying the adverse effects of air pollution exposures in the community has come from epidemiologic studies.