Lords of the desert: Britain's struggle with America to dominate the Middle East (2018)

Heading for trouble 1941-48 -- Important concessions 1947-53 -- Descent to Suez 1953-58 -- Clinging on 1957-67.;"Within a single generation, between 1945 and 1970, America replaced Britain as the dominant power in the Middle East. By any standard, it was an extraordinary role reversal and it was one that came with very little warning. Starting in the nineteenth century, Britain had first established themselves as protector of the sheikhdoms along the southern shore of the Persian Gulf, before acquiring Aden, Cyprus and then Egypt and the Sudan. In the Great War in the twentieth century they then added Palestine, Jordan and Iraq by conquest. And finally Britain had jointly run Iran with the Soviets since 1941 to defeat Hitler. The discovery of vast oil reserves in Saudi Arabia, at a time when the United States' own domestic reserves seemed to be running low, made America's initial interest commercial. But trade required political stability. Its absence led the United States to look more critically at the conduct of her major ally in the region. Added to this theatre of operations, the Zionists in Israel after World War One actively pursued a policy to establish and win an independent state for the Jews - which spurred on by thousands of Jewish refugees from war-torn Europe enabled them to build up the forces necessary to achieve power. How would Britain manage both Arab and Jewish positions and still maintain power? In 1943 they came up with an ambitious plan do so, and in 1944 put it into action.Somewhere East of Suez tells this story."--Publisher's description. Resumen de la editorial 'James Barr... has written another riveting history, masterfully arrayed and engagingly written. Like a good conversation, it is full of great anecdotes that even those who know this story might have missed.' * Financial Times * 'A brilliantly written account that serves as a useful reminder that alliances and history can be deceptive' -- Peter Frankopan, author of The Silk Roads 'A rattling good read of a familiar story presented from an altogether different and fascinating, perspective.' -- Ali Ansari * History Today * 'Mr Barr's canvas is large, and he daubs it with colour and human interest.' * The Economist * 'If you enjoy reading about international politics and espionage, you will love this book.' -- Matthew Elliott * City AM * 'Thoroughly researched and splendidly readable.' -- Lucy Beckett * TLS * 'A beautifully written and bracing corrective to the idea that the US and UK were friendly partners in the Middle East.' -- John Bew * New Statesman * 'Excellent ... When Mr Barr comes to describe the 1953 coup against Mosaddegh his book reads like a page-turning spy thriller.' -- Bartle Bull * Wall Street Journal * 'The middle decades of the twentieth century were ground zero for U.S. involvement in the modern Middle East. In this deeply researched and marvelously readable account, James Barr explains how Americans' entry into the region was achieved at the expense of the main previous western power there, Great Britain. By illuminating this crucial moment of imperial transition, Barr provides vital background for understanding the turbulent Middle East-U.S. relationship that has evolved since.' -- Hugh Wilford, author of America's Great Game: The CIA's Secret Arabists and the Shaping of the Modern Middle East 'An essential book for understanding the modern Middle East-and a thrilling read to boot.' -- Alex von Tunzelmann, author of Blood and Sand 'James Barr lifts the curtain on British plotting and intrigue in the Middle East. A wonderful raconteur, Barr brings to life the characters whose schemes and miscalculations brought an end to Britain as a great power. Meticulously researched, Lords of the Desert provides ample evidence as to why people in Middle Eastern countries remain so suspicious of Western intentions. A superb book.' -- Emma Sky, author of The Unraveling 'High adventure and covert action meet in this account of a momentous power shift that decisively shaped today's world. Lords of the Desert reshapes our understanding of the modern Middle East-and also helps explain how the United States became a global power.' -- Stephen Kinzer, author of All the Shah's Men and Overthrow 'In this compelling new book, James Barr recalls a now forgotten story of British-American competition for power in the Middle East during and after their victory in the Second World War. This is essential, gripping history with major relevance for those who wish to understand that tortured region today.' -- Nicholas Burns, Professor, Harvard University and former Under Secretary of State 'Many of the events in this book will be familiar, but instead of presenting them from the more usual perspectives of the Cold war confrontation between the US and Russia, or Imperial withdrawal, James Barr considers them instead from the angle of US-British rivalry. This is refreshing, but it is perhaps also closer to the angle from which many contemporaries would have considered the Suez canal crisis of 1956 or the coup that removed Mohammad Mosaddeq in 1953, for example. This book is therefore not just an excellent, lively account of salient events in this period in the history of the Middle East; it also opens up some new ways to think about them.' -- Michael Axworthy, author of A History of Iran: Empire of the Mind 'With its oil and its waterways, the Middle East was and remains a first step for any rising world power, and also the final trap for empires on the decline. In this lively page-turner, Barr unearths the obscure history of our disastrous engagement with the Middle East today-and of our own imperial decline.' -- Elizabeth F. Thompson, Mohamed S. Farsi Chair of Islamic Peace, American University 'A masterful account of Anglo-American rivalries that shaped the modern Middle East after WWII-brilliant storytelling with a rich cast of characters, Lords of the Desert is irresistible reading.' -- Eugene Rogan, author of The Fall of the Ottomans Guardian Book Of The Day New Statesman Book Of The Year History Today Book Of The Year Times Literary Supplement Book Of The Year Bbc History Magazine Book Of The Year 'bustles Impressively With Detail And Anecdote' —sunday Times ‘consistently Fascinating’ —the Spectator 'beautifully Written And Deeply Researched' —the Observer 'barr Draws On A Rich And Varied Trove Of Sources To Knit A Sequence Of Dramatic Episodes Into An Elegant Whole. Great Events March Through These Pages' —wall Street Journal Upon Victory In 1945, Britain Still Dominated The Middle East. She Directly Ruled Palestine And Aden, Was The Kingmaker In Iran, The Power Behind The Thrones Of Egypt, Iraq And Jordan, And Protected The Sultan Of Oman And The Gulf Sheikhs. But Her Motives For Wanting To Dominate This Crossroads Between Europe, Asia And Africa Were Changing. Where ‘imperial Security’ – Control Of The Route To India – Had Once Been Paramount, Now Oil Was An Increasingly Important Factor. So, Too, Was Prestige. Ironically, The Very End Of Empire Made Control Of The Middle East Precious In Itself: On It Hung Britain’s Claim To Be A Great Power. Unable To Withstand Arab And Jewish Nationalism, Within A Generation The British Were Gone. But That Is Not The Full Story. What Ultimately Sped Britain On Her Way Was The Uncompromising Attitude Of The United States, Which Was Determined To Displace The British In The Middle East. The British Did Not Give In Gracefully To This Onslaught. Using Newly Declassified Records And Long-forgotten Memoirs, Including The Diaries Of A Key British Spy, James Barr Tears Up The Conventional Interpretation Of This Era In The Middle East, Vividly Portraying The Tensions Between London And Washington, And Shedding An Uncompromising Light On The Murkier Activities Of A Generation Of American And British Diehards In The Region, From The Battle Of El Alamein In 1942 To Britain’s Abandonment Of Aden In 1967. Reminding Us That The Middle East Has Always Served As The Arena For Great Power Conflict, This Is The Tale Of An Internecine Struggle In Which Britain Would Discover That Her Most Formidable Rival Was The Ally She Had Assumed Would Be Her Closest Friend. Reviews For A Line In The Sand:- 'masterful' —the Spectator 'with Superb Research And Telling Quotations, Barr Has Skewered The Whole Shabby Story' —the Times 'lively And Entertaining. He Has Scoured The Diplomatic Archives Of The Two Powers And Has Come Up With A Rich Haul That Brings His Narrative To Life' —financial Times "Masterful"--The Spectator (A Line in the Sand) Within a single generation, between 1945 and 1970, America replaced Britain as the dominant power in the Middle East. By any standard, it was an extraordinary role reversal and it was one that came with very little warning. Starting in the nineteenth century, Britain had first established themselves as protector of the sheikhdoms along the southern shore of the Persian Gulf, before acquiring Aden, Cyprus and then Egypt and the Sudan. In the Great War in the twentieth century they then added Palestine, Jordan and Iraq by conquest. And finally Britain had jointly run Iran with the Soviets since 1941 to defeat Hitler. The discovery of vast oil reserves in Saudi Arabia, at a time when the United States' own domestic reserves seemed to be running low, made America's initial interest commercial. But trade required political stability. Its absence led the United States to look more critically at the conduct of her major ally in the region. Added to this theatre of operations, the Zionists in Israel after World War One actively pursued a policy to establish and win an independent state for the Jews - which spurred on by thousands of Jewish refugees from war-torn Europe enabled them to build up the forces necessary to achieve power. How would Britain manage both Arab and Jewish positions and still maintain power? In 1943 they came up with an ambitious plan do so, and in 1944 put it into action. Somewhere East of Suez tells this story. Further reviews for A Line In The Sand:- 'With superb research and telling quotations, Barr has skewered the whole shabby story'- The Times 'Lively and entertaining. He has scoured the diplomatic archives of the two powers and has come up with a rich haul that brings his narrative to life'- Financial Times 'Beautifully written and deeply researched' The Observer Upon victory in 1945, Britain still dominated the Middle East. But her motives for wanting to dominate this crossroads between Europe, Asia and Africa were changing. Where 'imperial security' – control of the route to India – had once been paramount, now oil was an increasingly important factor. So, too, was prestige. Ironically, the very end of empire made control of the Middle East precious in itself: on it hung Britain's claim to be a great power. Unable to withstand Arab and Jewish nationalism, within a generation the British were gone. But that is not the full story. What ultimately sped Britain on her way was the uncompromising attitude of the United States, which was determined to displace the British in the Middle East. Using newly declassified records and long-forgotten memoirs, including the diaries of a key British spy, James Barr tears up the conventional interpretation of this era in the Middle East, vividly portraying the tensions between London and Washington, and shedding an uncompromising light on the murkier activities of a generation of American and British diehards in the region, from the battle of El Alamein in 1942 to Britain's abandonment of Aden in 1967. Reminding us that the Middle East has always served as the arena for great power conflict, this is the tale of an internecine struggle in which Britain would discover that her most formidable rival was the ally she had assumed would be her closest friend. 'Bustles impressively with detail and anecdote' Sunday Times 'Consistently fascinating' The Spectator 'Barr draws on a rich and varied trove of sources to knit a sequence of dramatic episodes into an elegant whole. Great events march through these pages' Wall Street Journal "Within a single generation, between 1945 and 1970, America replaced Britain as the dominant power in the Middle East. By any standard, it was an extraordinary role reversal and it was one that came with very little warning. Starting in the nineteenth century, Britain had first established themselves as protector of the sheikhdoms along the southern shore of the Persian Gulf, before acquiring Aden, Cyprus and then Egypt and the Sudan. In the Great War in the twentieth century they then added Palestine, Jordan and Iraq by conquest. And finally Britain had jointly run Iran with the Soviets since 1941 to defeat Hitler. The discovery of vast oil reserves in Saudi Arabia, at a time when the United States' own domestic reserves seemed to be running low, made America's initial interest commercial. But trade required political stability. Its absence led the United States to look more critically at the conduct of her major ally in the region. Added to this theatre of operations, the Zionists in Israel after World War One actively pursued a policy to establish and win an independent state for the Jews - which spurred on by thousands of Jewish refugees from war-torn Europe enabled them to build up the forces necessary to achieve power. How would Britain manage both Arab and Jewish positions and still maintain power? In 1943 they came up with an ambitious plan do so, and in 1944 put it into action. Somewhere East of Suez tells this story."--Publisher's description An authoritative history of how the U.S. supplanted Great Britain as the preeminent power in the Middle East We usually assume that Arab nationalism brought about the end of the British Empire in the Middle East-that Gamal Abdel Nasser and other Arab leaders led popular uprisings against colonial rule that forced the overstretched British from the region. In Lords of the Desert , historian James Barr draws on newly declassified archives to argue instead that the United States was the driving force behind the British exit. Though the two nations were allies, they found themselves at odds over just about every question, from who owned Saudi Arabia's oil to who should control the Suez Canal. Encouraging and exploiting widespread opposition to the British, the U.S. intrigued its way to power-ultimately becoming as resented as the British had been. As Barr shows, it is impossible to understand the region today without first grappling with this little-known prehistory. "Using newly declassified records and long-forgotten memoirs, including the diaries of a key British spy, James Barr tears up the conventional interpretation of this era in the Middle East, vividly portraying the tensions between London and Washington, and shedding an uncompromising light on the murkier activities of a generation of American and British diehards in the region, from the battle of El Alamein in 1942 to Britain's abandonment of Aden in 1967. Reminding us that the Middle East has always served as the arena for great power conflict, this is the tale of an internecine struggle in which Britain would discover that her most formidable rival was the ally she had assumed would be her closest friend."--Provided by publisher Between 1945 and 1970, America replaced Britain as the dominant power in the Middle East in an extraordinary role reversal. Lords of the Desert tells this story.