Local Energy: Distributed generation of heat and power (Power and Energy)

In future the UK's energy supplies, for both heat and power, will come from much more diverse sources. In many cases this will mean local energy projects serving a local community or even a single house. What technologies are available? Where and at what scale can they be used? How can they work effectively with our existing energy networks? This book explores these power and heat sources, explains the characteristics of each and examines how they can be used.This new series of books from the IET brings together the engineering aspects of renewable energy technology, power generation and systems integration. Covering all aspects of renewable and sustainable power and highlighting the key principles behind each technology, its state of development and its relevance in the power industry. With energy and sustainability being areas of primary concern, these books are practical in approach and appeal to specialists and non-specialists alike, providing a thorough understanding to the economical and environmental issues as well as key engineering features.The Institution of Engineering and Technology is one of the world's leading professional societies for the engineering and technology community. The IET publishes more than 100 new titles every year; a rich mix of books, journals and magazines with a back catalogue of more than 350 books in 18 different subject areas including: -Power & Energy -Renewable Energy -Radar, Sonar & Navigation -Electromagnetics -Electrical Measurement -History of Technology -Technology Management Contents......Page 6 1.1 The development of electric power......Page 12 1.2 Regulating the industry......Page 13 1.3 Coordinating the supply......Page 14 1.4 Centralizing power stations......Page 15 1.6 The Central Electricity Generating Board......Page 17 1.7 Monopolies and private companies......Page 18 1.8 Breaking up the monopoly......Page 20 1.9 The effect of competition......Page 21 Panel 1.1 Generators......Page 23 Panel 1.3 Transformers......Page 24 Panel 1.4 Power units......Page 25 2.2 Generating power for the market......Page 28 2.3.2 Gas......Page 29 2.3.3 Nuclear......Page 30 2.3.5 Wind power......Page 31 2.3.6 Coping with grid variation......Page 32 2.4 The balancing market......Page 35 2.5 Distribution network operators......Page 36 2.6 Regulating the markets......Page 37 3 The heat connection and cogeneration......Page 40 3.2 Support for heat and power......Page 41 3.3 Energy crops......Page 42 3.5 Combined heat and power......Page 43 3.6.1 Biomass......Page 45 3.6.2 Solar water heating......Page 46 3.6.3 Ground-source heat......Page 47 Panel 3.1 Ground heat in Cornwall......Page 49 4.1 Wind-turbine components......Page 52 4.3 Installing a wind turbine......Page 54 4.4 Rooftop turbines......Page 55 Panel 4.1 Off-grid turbines......Page 57 Panel 4.2 Wind across the Mersey......Page 59 5 Hydropower......Page 62 5.1 Power from water......Page 63 5.2 The UK's hydropower potential ......Page 64 5.3 Assessing hydro sites......Page 65 5.4 Environmental effects......Page 66 5.6 Extracting the energy......Page 67 Panel 5.1 Reviving old mills......Page 68 Panel 5.2 Hydropower in Snowdonia......Page 69 6.2 How much energy is there?......Page 72 6.4 The route from research to industry......Page 73 6.4.1 Marine Current Turbines......Page 74 6.4.2 PowerBuoy......Page 75 6.4.4 Fred Olsen......Page 76 6.5 Development issues......Page 77 7.1 Photovoltaic power......Page 80 7.2 Assembling the PV panels......Page 81 7.4 Street applications......Page 82 Panel 7.1 Sustainable Lambeth......Page 85 Panel 7.2 Experience in Grimsby......Page 86 8.1 The UK CHP programme......Page 88 8.2 EU Directive support......Page 89 8.3 Domestic CHP......Page 90 8.5 Development issues......Page 91 8.6 Who would buy?......Page 93 Panel 8.1 Good projects on paper......Page 94 Panel 8.2 London housing......Page 96 9.1 Biomass fuels......Page 98 9.2 Heating programmes......Page 99 9.3 Wood-energy strategies......Page 100 9.4 Wood for Wales......Page 101 9.5 Wood-fuel research......Page 102 9.6 What is pyrolysis?......Page 103 10.1 Diverse energy in the network......Page 106 10.2 Pumped storage......Page 107 10.4 Batteries......Page 109 10.6 Moving to a hydrogen economy......Page 110 Panel 10.1 Norway's hydrogen experiment ......Page 111 Panel 10.2 Hydrogen in Iceland......Page 113 Panel 10.3 Battery powered......Page 114 11.1 How fuel cells work......Page 116 11.3 Solid-oxide fuel cells......Page 117 11.4 Fuel-cell applications......Page 119 11.5 Developing the industry......Page 120 12.2 Voltage......Page 122 12.4 Reactive power......Page 123 12.5 Maintaining the supply quality......Page 124 12.6 Bringing on the reserve......Page 125 12.8 Dealing with transients......Page 126 12.9 Transmission/distribution interaction......Page 128 12.10 Adding microgeneration......Page 130 13.1 Government strategy......Page 132 13.2 Planning progress......Page 133 13.3 Domestic changes......Page 135 13.4 Scotland and Wales approach......Page 136 13.5 A microgeneration strategy......Page 137 13.6 Re-examining the remaining barriers......Page 139 13.8 Distribution and private wires......Page 140 Panel 13.1 How planning works......Page 141 14.1 Costs......Page 146 14.2 Embedded benefits......Page 147 14.3.2 Registered power zones......Page 148 14.5 Consolidation......Page 149 15.1.1 Step 1: Decide on your system......Page 152 15.1.4 Step 4: Install a ROC meter......Page 153 15.2 The connection agreement......Page 154 15.3 Rethinking the network......Page 155 15.4 Shallowish connection......Page 156 15.5 New charging regimes......Page 157 15.6 Constraining connection?......Page 158 16 Finance and local generation......Page 160 16.1 Renewables Obligation......Page 161 16.2 Electricity trading arrangements......Page 163 16.3 Climate Change Levy......Page 164 16.4 Grants......Page 165 16.5 DEFRA support......Page 166 16.6 DTI grants......Page 167 17.2 The 28-day rule......Page 170 17.5 The CHP scheme......Page 173 17.7 The legal framework......Page 174 17.9 Incorporation......Page 175 17.11 Full cooperation......Page 176 Panel 17.1 Baywind......Page 177 Panel 17.2 Cooperative wind......Page 178 18.1 Load factors and variability......Page 180 18.2 Micropower efficiency......Page 181 18.4 MicroCHP for homes......Page 182 18.5 Small-CHP for business......Page 183 18.6 Replacing generation?......Page 184 18.8 Changing energy patterns......Page 185 19 Putting a price on carbon......Page 190 19.1 The EU Emissions Trading Scheme......Page 191 19.1.1 Results from Phase 1......Page 192 19.1.2 Setting up the ETS Phase 2......Page 193 19.2 Trading outside Europe......Page 194 19.3 Carbon trading for commerce and industry......Page 195 19.4 Making the case for local energy......Page 196 Panel 19.1 Greenpeace's wish list......Page 197 Bibliography......Page 198 Index......Page 200 Annotation "A first edition of Condition Monitoring of Electrical Machines, written by Tavner and Penman, was published in 1987. The economics of industry have now changed, as a result of the privatisation and deregulation of the energy industry, placing emphasis on the importance of reliable operation of plant, throughout the whole life cycle, regardless of first cost. The availability of advanced electronics and software in powerful instrumentation, computers, and digital signal processors (DSP) has simplified our ability to instrument and analyse machinery. As a result condition monitoring is now being applied to a wider range of systems from fault-tolerant drives of a few hundred watts in the aerospace industry, to machinery of a few hundred megawatts in major capital plant." "In this new book the original authors have been joined by Ran, an expert in power electronics and control, and Sedding, an expert in the monitoring of electrical insulation systems. Together the authors have revised and expanded the earlier book, merging their own experience with that of machine analysts to bring it up to date."--Jacket The availability of advanced electronics and software in powerful instrumentation, computers and Digital Signal Processors (DSP) has simplified our ability to instrument and analyze machinery. This book incorporates the important changes that have taken place in the energy industry, and includes information about failure mechanisms.