Living And Working With The Gods: Studies Of Evidence For Private Religion And Its Material Environment In The City Of Ostia (100-500 Ad) (dutch Monographs On Ancient History And Archaeology)

This study deals with hitherto unpublished evidence of private religious practice, found in the ruins of Ostia. The selected environment consists of domus, rented apartments, workshops, depots, shops, bars, markets, hotels, and also all mithraea and the compita. These chapters contain concise introductions to the categories of buildings, including lists, notes on the dates, appearance, lay-out, size and distribution, and notes on the owners, inhabitants, visitors, workers and personnel. LIVING AND WORKING WITH THE GODS 4 Copyright 5 Dedication 6 Acknowledgements 8 Contents 9 Chapter 1: Introduction 14 § 1 Subject-matter and aims of the study 14 § 2 Definitions of public and private religion 14 2A The antique definitions 14 2B Alternative definitions 16 2C Specification of the alternative definitions 17 § 3 Status quaestionis 18 3A The decay of Ostia, the plundering of the site, and the excavations 18 3B General studies concerning Ostia 18 3C Studies concerning religion in Ostia 20 3D Studies concerning Roman private religion in general and in cities other than Ostia 20 § 4 Selection of the material environment of the evidence 21 § 5 The evidence 21 5A Conspectus of the material expressions of private religion 21 5B The preservation of the evidence 25 5C The functions of niches 26 5D The identification of shrines 28 5E Selection of the evidence 29 § 6 Structure of the study 30 § 7 Technical data 32 Chapter 2: Domus 34 § 1 Introduction 34 § 2 Conspectus of the Ostian domus 35 § 3 Notes on the dates, appearance, lay-out, size, and distribution 38 § 4 Notes on the inhabitants and visitors 41 § 5 Religion in the domus 45 5A The evidence 45 5B Dates, position, appearance, deities 50 5C Participants, beneficiaries, organization 55 Chapter 3: Other habitations 57 § 1 Introduction 57 § 2 Conspectus of the other Ostian habitations 59 § 3 Notes on the dates, appearance, lay-out, size, and distribution 61 § 4 Notes on the owners and inhabitants 64 § 5 Religion in the other habitations 67 5A The evidence 67 5B Dates, position, appearance, deities 67 5C Participants, beneficiaries, organization 68 Chapter 4: Workshops and depots 69 § 1 Introduction 69 § 2 Conspectus of the Ostian workshops and depots 70 § 3 Notes on the dates, appearance, lay-out, size and distribution 74 § 4 Notes on the owners and workers 76 § 5 Religion in the workshops and depots 78 5A The evidence 78 The evidence in workshops 78 The evidence in depots 81 5B Dates, position, appearance, deities 84 5C Participants, beneficiaries, organization 89 Chapter 5: Shops, bars, markets, and hotels 90 § 1 Introduction 90 § 2 Conspectus of the Ostian shops, bars, markets, and hotels 91 § 3 Notes on the dates, appearance, lay-out, size, and distribution 92 § 4 Notes on the owners and personnel 95 § 5 Religion in the shops, bars, markets, and hotels 97 5A The evidence 97 The evidence in shops and bars 97 The evidence in communal parts of buildings and related to shops 100 The evidence in hotels 103 5B Dates, position, appearance, deities 104 5C Participants, beneficiaries, organization 108 Chapter 6: Unclassifiable evidence 109 § 1 Introduction 109 § 2 Presentation of the evidence 109 2A The evidence 109 The evidence which formed part of the selected material environment: 109 The material evidence 109 The graffiti 116 The evidence which may have formed part of the selected material environment 117 2B Dates, position, appearance, deities 122 2C Participants, beneficiaries, organization 123 Chapter 7: The mithraea 124 § 1 Introduction 124 § 2 Presentation of the evidence 124 2A The evidence 124 2B Dates, position, distribution, appearance, deities 125 2C Participants, organization 123 Chapter 8: The compita 131 § 1 Introduction 131 § 2 Presentation of the evidence 131 2A The evidence 131 The evidence from Ostia 131 The evidence from Rome 137 The evidence from Pompeii 138 2B Dates, position, distribution, appearance, deities 140 2C Participants, organization 145 Chapter 9: The Sacello del Silvano 147 § 1 Introduction 147 § 2 Data concerning the bakers in Ostia 148 2A Archaeological evidence 148 2B Inscriptions 151 2C Legal sources 152 § 3 The organization and the customers of the Ostian and Roman bakers 155 § 4 The Sacello del Silvano 158 4A History of the excavations 158 4B The building periods of room 24 and the Sacello 162 4C The paintings and the floor-mosaic in the Sacello 163 Summary of the succession of the layers of plaster; identification of the figures 163 The dates of the plaster and the floor-mosaic 165 Layers 1 and 2 166 Layers 3 and 4 168 Layer 5 176 Layer 6 176 The floor-mosaic 176 4D The fire and the finds 177 4E The functions of room 24 and the Sacello 177 4F The initiators of and the people using the Sacello 178 Chapter 10: The buildings and the people 181 § 1 Introduction 181 § 2 Dates 181 § 3 Appearance, lay-out, size, and distribution 183 § 4 The owners, inhabitants, visitors, workers, and personnel 188 Chapter 11: Interpretation of the evidence in habitations and in commercial premises 191 § 1 Introduction 191 § 2 Dates 191 § 3 Position 192 Domus 192 Other habitations 194 Workshops and depots 195 Shops, bars, markets, and hotels 11 Unclassifiable evidence 197 § 4 Appearance 199 § 5 Deities 204 § 6 Participants, beneficiaries, and organization 206 Chapter 12: Interpretation of the compila, the milhraea, and the Sacello del Silvano 208 § 1 Introduction 208 § 2 The compita 208 Dates 208 Position and distribution 208 Appearance 211 Deities 214 Participants and organization 215 § 3 The mithraea 217 Dates 217 Position and distribution 217 Deities 218 Participants and organization 218 § 4 The Sacello del Silvano 220 Deities 220 Participants and organization 220 Catalogue A: Chapters 2 to 6 222 Evidence of unknown origin 254 Appendix: a depiction of Silvanus near the Mitreo de! Palazzo Imperiale I 255 Catalogue B: The compita 256 Catalogue C: The Sacello del Silvano 264 Caseggiato dei Molini, room 24 264 Caseggiato dei Molini, room 25 (Sacello de! Silvano) 264 Caseggiato dei Molini, room 25: plaster 267 Mural paintings in the Sacello del Silvano - Eric M. Moonnann 275 § 1 Introduction 275 § 2 Technical, stylistic and iconographic analysis 275 2A Phase 2 275 2B Phase 3-4 278 Augustus 279 Alexander the Great 280 Augustus and Alexander 281 The Dioscures 282 2C Phase 5 282 2D Phase 6 283 Bibliography 284 Lists 286 List of figures 286 List of plates 287 Bibliography 292 Indexes 308 Index of classical authors and legal sources 308 Index of inscriptions, graffiti, painted texts, and stamps 310 Index of the evidence from Pompeii and Herculaneum 312 Topographical index 313 General index 320 PLATES 326