دام‌های فروشی: دام‌پروری در ناحیه مرزی روم: مطالعه موردی شهر باتاوریوم

The civitas Batavorum was a settlement on the north-western frontier of the Roman Empire, and it is now the site of numerous archaeological excavations. This book offers the most up-to-date look yet at what has been discovered, using the newest archaeological techniques, about the town and its economy, its military importance, and the religious and domestic buildings it held. It will be essential reading for anyone studying the economy of the Roman provincial countryside or the details of food supply for the Roman army and town. Contents 6 foreword 8 1. Introduction 10 1.1 framework, scope and research questions 10 1.2 the dutch river area in the roman period 14 1.3 economic networks and food provisioning 20 1.4 farming in a market economy 26 2. Archaeological sites: background 30 2.1 data and methods 30 2.2 classification of sites 34 2.3 site background 35 3. Zooarchaeological background 66 3.1 species proportions 66 3.2 age and sex 66 3.3 skeletal elements 68 3.4 butchery 71 3.5 biometrical analysis 72 4. Methods 78 4.1 taphonomy 78 4.2 species proportions 80 4.3 mortality profiles 82 4.4 skeletal elements 84 4.5 butchery 86 4.6 biometrical analysis 86 4.7 archaeobotany 89 5. Rural settlements: animal husbandry and consumption 90 5.1 farming in the late iron age 90 5.2 taphonomy 92 5.3 species proportions 93 5.4 exploitation of livestock 103 5.5 skeletal element distribution 120 5.6 butchery 122 5.7 biometrical analysis 131 5.8 arable farming 134 5.9 discussion 137 6. Consumers: urban, military and temple sites 154 6.1 taphonomy 154 6.2 military sites 154 6.3 urban/military sites 165 6.4 urban sites 172 6.5 temples 178 6.6 discussion 184 7. Interaction between producers and consumers 200 7.1 species proportions 200 7.2 exploitation of livestock 205 7.3 skeletal elements: leather and joints of meat 210 7.4 butchery 212 7.5 biometrical analysis 212 7.6 archaeobotany 217 7.7 discussion 220 8. Final thoughts 230 8.1 food supply 230 8.2 changes in farming 231 8.3 scale of production 233 8.4 what did the romans do for us? exploitation versus opportunity 234 8.5 from self-sufficiency to market production 234 Bibliography 238 Index 260 "The civitas Botavorum is located on the northwestern frontier of the Roman empire. Following a long tradition of archaeological research, rescue archaeology has enormously increased the number of excavations in the last fifteen years. The quality of the data now available, particularly with regard to rural settlement, is excellent. This study investigates animal husbandry and food production. On the one hand, it uses zooarchaeological data to answer broader economic questions and to trace economic developments in a Roman frontier province. On the other hand, it is a regional synthesis and includes all zooarchaeological data for the region."--Page 4 of cover This book offers the most up-to-date look yet at what has been discovered, using the newest archaeological techniques, about the civitas Batavorumand its economy, its military importance, and the religious and domestic buildings it held.