Livelihood Enhancement Through Agriculture, Tourism and Health (Advances in Geographical and Environmental Sciences)

Agriculture is the backbone of our economic system. It provides not only food and raw material but also employment opportunities to a very large number of people. Higher atmospheric temperature has an impact on crop yields while the changes in rainfall could affect both crop quality and quantity. Climate change, therefore, could increase the prices of major crops in some regions. For the most vulnerable people, lower agricultural output means lower income. In addition, climate change is expected to increase the risk of illness and death from extreme heat and poor air quality. Recent evidence is the COVID-19 pandemic. Furthermore, climate change also affects the occurrence of other infectious diseases. A number of well-known diseases are climate-sensitive - malaria, dengue fever, and cholera among others. Tourism is considered as an industry and alternative contributor to a nation’s income. It can generate employment opportunities and boost up the economy. This book, consisting of 26 chapters, focuses on the issues of agriculture, tourism and health for livelihood enhancement. It is essential to discuss these diverse issues in the field of geography as it encompasses interdisciplinary topics. The range of concerns at the national, regional and local levels is not confined to geography only but also involves other disciplines as well. Therefore, this book is a valuable source for scientists and researchers in allied fields such as livelihood, agriculture, land use, tourism management, health care and tribal studies. Furthermore, this book can be of immense help to the researchers, planners and decision makers engaged in solving problems in these areas in developing countries and beyond. Message Foreword Preface Contents Editors and Contributors 1 Livelihood Transformations and Sustainability in India 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Study Area 1.3 Livelihood Sustainability: Meaning and Concept 1.4 Materials and Methods 1.4.1 Database 1.4.2 Selection of Components and Indicators for Sustainable Livelihood Index (SLI) 1.4.3 Formulation of Sustainable Livelihood Index (SLI) 1.5 Results and Discussions 1.6 Livelihood Sustainability Ladder 1.7 Conclusion References 2 The Exodus in Times of Pandemic: Mobility, Migration and Livelihood of Informal Migrant Workers During COVID-19 Crisis in India 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Objectives of the Study 2.3 Methods and Materials 2.4 Discussion 2.4.1 Contextualizing COVID-19 Crisis in India: Rethinking Mobility and Migration 2.4.2 Informal Migrant Labour in India and the COVID-19 Crisis: The Backdrop 2.4.3 COVID-19—Extenuating Institutionalized Inequalities and Exacerbating Existing Vulnerabilities Among Informal Migrant Workers: The Exodus 2.4.4 Institutionalized Inequalities and Harassment 2.4.5 Migrant Workers, COVID-19 Crisis and Mental Health 2.4.6 Idea of Redistributive Conflict: Locating the Problematic in Allocation of Resources and Government Response to Informal Labour and Massive Reverse Migration 2.4.7 Efficacy of Programmatic Interventions by National and State Governments During the Pandemic and Their Impact on Migrants 2.4.8 Need for Data and Proper Documentation of Migration Histories Imposed by COVID-19 2.4.9 Need of the Hour: Effective Labour Migration Governance 2.5 Conclusion References 3 Challenges in Livelihood of Residents in Kilinochchi District, Sri Lanka Due to Water Scarcity 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Literature Review 3.3 Statement of the Problem 3.4 Significance of the Study 3.5 Study Area 3.5.1 Geographical Location 3.5.2 Geographical Characteristics of the Study Area 3.5.3 Demographic and Socioeconomic Characteristics 3.6 Methodology 3.6.1 Sample and Sampling Procedure 3.6.2 Data Sources 3.6.3 Data Analysis 3.7 Findings 3.7.1 Quantity of Water Collection 3.7.2 Modes of Transportation for Water Collection 3.7.3 Relationship Between Water Collection and Gender 3.7.4 Frequency of Water Collection 3.7.5 Spending Time for Water Collection 3.8 Challenges in Livelihood Due Water Scarcity 3.8.1 Challenges in Income 3.8.2 Challenges in Agricultural Activities 3.8.3 Challenges in Home Gardening 3.8.4 Challenges in Food Security 3.8.5 Challenges in Livestock 3.8.6 Challenges in Inland Fishing 3.8.7 Challenges in Small Business Activities 3.8.8 Challenges in Employment 3.8.9 Increasing Cost of Living 3.9 Challenges in Sustainable Development Goals Due to Water Scarcity 3.10 Conclusion 3.11 Recommendations 3.11.1 Government Institutions 3.11.2 Non-government Organizations 3.11.3 Households References 4 Tobacco Cropping Increases Sediment Delivery in a Subtropical Agricultural Catchment in Southern Brazil 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Material and Methods 4.2.1 Study Area 4.2.2 Land Use Mapping and Monitoring Design 4.2.3 Suspended Sediment Collection and Calculations 4.3 Results 4.3.1 Agricultural Calendar and Land Use Dynamics 4.3.2 Rainfall Characteristics and Its Effect on Sampling Suspended Sediment 4.3.3 Intra-annual Sediment Transfer: Summer and Winter 4.4 Discussion 4.4.1 Agricultural Calendar and Sediment Transfer on the Tobacco Headwaters 4.4.2 Tobacco Areas Have Plenty of Connectors Facilitating Sediment Transfer into the Stream 4.5 Conclusions Appendix 1 Appendix 2 References 5 Digital Elevation Model and Irrigation Management Planning in Bangladesh 5.1 Background 5.2 Agricultural Legislative Framework in Bangladesh 5.2.1 The Agricultural Development Corporation Ordinance 1961 5.2.2 National Land Use Policy 2001 5.2.3 Agricultural Land Protection and Land Zoning Act 2010 5.2.4 Agricultural Land Protection and Land Use Act 2016 5.2.5 National Agriculture Policy 2018 5.3 Materials and Methods 5.3.1 The Study Site 5.3.2 Data Collection 5.3.3 Selection of Location of Interest (LOI) 5.3.4 Field Investigations 5.3.5 Application of Geographical Information Systems 5.4 Results and Discussion 5.4.1 Physiographic Characteristics for Irrigation 5.4.2 Potential Area for Irrigation 5.5 Discussion 5.6 Conclusion References 6 Smallholder Tea Farming in West Bengal, India: An Exploratory Insight 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Database and Methodology 6.3 Analysis 6.3.1 All India Estimates from National Sample Survey 70th Round (2013) 6.3.2 Estimates from Agricultural Census: West Bengal (1995–96 to 2010–11) 6.3.3 Insights from Fieldwork: Jalpaiguri in West Bengal (2019) 6.4 Conclusion Appendix References 7 The Transition of Traditional Agriculture in Nagaland, India: A Case Study of Shifting (Jhum) Cultivation 7.1 Introduction 7.1.1 Nagaland: A Geospatial Understanding 7.1.2 Shifting (Jhum) Cultivation in Nagaland 7.2 Research Questions of the Study 7.3 Objectives of the Study 7.4 Data Sources and Methodology 7.5 Jhum Cultivation: Traditional Methods Among the Ethnic Communities 7.6 Transition and Transformation in Traditional Agriculture 7.6.1 Reduction in Land Cover Under Food Crops 7.6.2 The Issue of Food Security 7.6.3 Labour Mobility Towards Other Sectors 7.6.4 Adaptive Farming 7.6.5 Market-Driven Farming 7.6.6 Cultural and Social Transition 7.7 Concluding Observations References 8 Land Use–Land Cover Dynamics in Baku Micro-watershed Area of Ausgram Block—II, Purba Bardhaman District, West Bengal, India 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Materials and Method 8.2.1 Study Area and the Rationale Behind the Selection of Study Area 8.2.2 Objectives of the Study 8.2.3 Database and Methodology 8.3 Results and Discussion 8.3.1 Spatio-Temporal Changes in Land Use–Land Cover 8.3.2 Major Land Use–land Cover Units 8.3.3 Relation Between Physiography and Land Use–Land Cover 8.3.4 Relationship Between Soil and LULC 8.3.5 Land Assessment and Capability Classification in Baku Micro-Watershed 8.4 Risk Assessment and Recommendations 8.4.1 Various Problems Identified in the Study Area 8.4.2 Management and Planning Measures 8.5 Major Findings 8.6 Conclusion References 9 Spatio-temporal Changes of Crop Combination in Selected C.D. Blocks of Purba Bardhaman District, West Bengal, India 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Study Area 9.3 Objectives of the Study 9.4 Database 9.5 Methodology 9.5.1 Optional Methods or Arbitrary Method 9.5.2 Scientific Method or Statistical Prescribed Method 9.6 Result 9.6.1 Trends Remain Unchanged of Crop Combination Zone 9.6.2 Increasing Trends of Crop Combination Regions 9.6.3 Decreasing Trend of Crop Combination Regions 9.7 Conclusions References 10 Development of Sericulture in Murshidabad with Special Reference to Women’s Participation 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Women and Silk Industry 10.3 Study Area 10.4 Objectives of the Study 10.5 Methodology 10.6 Major Findings 10.7 Government Initiatives and Outcomes 10.8 Problems and Suggestions 10.9 Conclusion References 11 Opportunities and the Challenges of Tourism Industry in Bangladesh 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Objectives of the Study 11.3 Methodology 11.4 Statement of the Problem 11.5 Results and Discussion 11.6 Impact of Tourism Industry 11.6.1 Economic Benefit 11.6.2 Social Benefit 11.6.3 Environmental Benefit 11.7 Challenges for Tourism in Bangladesh 11.7.1 Inadequate Infrastructure Facilities 11.7.2 Backward Communication 11.7.3 Lack of Accommodation 11.7.4 Lack of Safety and Security 11.7.5 Lack of Professionalism 11.7.6 Political Instability 11.7.7 Lack of Recreation and Tourist Facilities 11.7.8 Inadequate Allocation in National Budget 11.7.9 Lack of Human Resources 11.7.10 Lengthy Visa Processing 11.8 Opportunities for Tourism in Bangladesh 11.8.1 Religious Tourism 11.8.2 Sports Tourism 11.8.3 Ecotourism 11.8.4 Educational Tourism 11.8.5 Rural Tourism 11.8.6 Cultural Tourism 11.9 Summary of the Findings 11.9.1 Recommendations 11.9.2 Conclusion References 12 Socio-economic Development Through Tourism: An Investigative Study for the Himalayan State Sikkim, India 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Brief Overview of the Study Area 12.3 Literature Review 12.4 Objectives and Methodology 12.5 Data Analysis and Discussion 12.6 Conclusion References 13 Tourism Potentials of Fossil Parks as Geoheritage Sites: A Study in Western and South Western Region of West Bengal, India 13.1 Introduction 13.2 The Study Area 13.3 Materials and Methods 13.4 Discussion and Analysis 13.5 Conclusion References 14 Classifying the Million-Plus Urban Agglomerations of India—Geographical Types and Quality of Life 14.1 Introduction: General Urbanisation Trends in India in the Second Half of the 20th and the Beginning of the Twenty-First Century 14.2 Characteristic Features of the Indian Metropolisation on the Ground of Structural Features, Development Processes, and Quality of Life of Agglomerations 14.2.1 Survey Methods 14.2.2 Types of Agglomerations Assigned to Static and Dynamic Variables of the Cluster Analyses 14.2.3 Findings of the Cluster Analysis of Structural Features and Development Processes of Agglomerations 14.2.4 Findings of the Cluster Analysis of Quality of Life Values and Their Connections with Urban Clusters 14.3 Summary References 15 Urban Rejuvenation and Social Sustainability in Smart City: An Empirical Study of Community Aspirations 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Social Sustainability 15.3 Review of Literature 15.4 Study Area 15.5 Research Design 15.5.1 Pre-Field Work 15.5.2 Field Work 15.5.3 Post-field Work 15.6 Background 15.6.1 Equitable 15.6.2 Sustainable 15.6.3 Effective 15.6.4 Efficient 15.7 Results 15.8 Discussion 15.9 Conclusion References 16 Urban Wetlands: Opportunities and Challenges in Indian cities—A Case of Bhubaneswar City, Odisha 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Study Area 16.3 Objectives of the Study 16.4 Database and Methodology 16.5 Identification of Sites 16.6 Sample Selection 16.7 About WRAP 16.7.1 Mapping of Existing Wetlands 16.7.2 Spatio—Temporal Changes of Wetlands Over a Decade 16.7.3 Factors Affecting Wetland Changes 16.7.4 Assessment of Wetland Ecosystem services 16.7.5 Decoding Collected Data 16.8 Recommendations 16.8.1 City Level 16.8.2 Community Level 16.8.3 Policy Level 16.9 Conclusion References 17 Analyzing Spatial Inequalities of Amenities in Jammu City Using Geo-Informatics 17.1 Background 17.2 Introduction 17.3 Study Area 17.4 Objectives of the Study 17.5 Data Set 17.6 Methodology 17.7 Data Analysis and Discussion 17.7.1 Spatial Patterns of Inequalities in Educational Development 17.7.2 Spatial Patterns of Inequalities in Infrastructural Development 17.7.3 Spatial Patterns of Inequalities in the Development of Healthcare Facilities 17.7.4 Pattern of Overall Development 17.7.5 Prioritization Based on the Levels of Development for Future Planning 17.8 Conclusion References 18 Land Suitability Analysis for Settlement Concentration in Fringe Area of Siliguri Town, West Bengal (India)—A GIS-Based Multi-Criteria Decision-Making Approach 18.1 Introduction 18.2 A Brief Review of the Study Area 18.3 Materials and Methods 18.3.1 Identification of Influencing Factors 18.3.2 Determination of Weights 18.3.3 Analytical Hierarchical Process (AHP) 18.3.4 Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process 18.4 Results and Discussion 18.5 Conclusion References 19 GIS-Based Healthcare Accessibility Analysis—A Case Study of Selected Municipalities of Hyderabad 19.1 Introduction 19.2 Study Area 19.3 Objectives of the Study 19.4 Hypothesis 19.5 Methodology 19.6 Circle 9 Hospital Locations 19.7 Circle-9 19.7.1 Gynecology Services 19.7.2 General Physicians 19.7.3 Ear Nose Throat Hospitals 19.7.4 Dermatology Services 19.7.5 Dental Services 19.7.6 Cardiology Services 19.7.7 Pediatric Services 19.8 Conclusion 20 Dynamics of Disease Diffusion: A Critical Analysis of Dengue Outbreak in Kolkata and Adjacent Areas 20.1 Introduction 20.2 Seasonality and Society: Scene Behind Dengue Proliferation in India 20.3 Temporality in Spatial Disease Diffusion 20.4 Dengue Virulence in Kolkata 20.5 Dengue Dissemination Mapping in Salt Lake City Based on Spatial Autocorrelation Method 20.5.1 High–High Concentration Zone 20.5.2 Low–Low Concentration Zone 20.5.3 High–Low Concentration Zone 20.5.4 Low–High Concentration Zone 20.5.5 Zero Significant Zone 20.6 Dengue, Death, and Politics 20.7 Resisting Dengue: Means and Methods 20.7.1 Multi-level Effective Organizational Functions 20.7.2 Efficient Medical Units 20.7.3 Proficient Entological Research 20.7.4 Social Awareness and Guidance 20.7.5 Prominent Infrastructural and Technological Application 20.8 Conclusion References 21 Tuberculosis Patients in Malda District of West Bengal, Eastern India: Exploring the Ground Reality 21.1 Introduction 21.2 Study Area 21.3 Methodology 21.3.1 Sample Survey-Based Field Study 21.3.2 Data Entry and Analysis 21.4 Results 21.4.1 Socio-economic Standing of TB Infected 21.4.2 Behavioral Particulars of TB Infected 21.5 Discussion 21.6 Conclusion References 22 An Assessment Study on Hierarchical Integrity of Road Connectivity and Nodal Accessibility of Maternal Health Care Service Centres in Itahar Block, Uttar Dinajpur District, West Bengal 22.1 Introduction 22.2 Objectives of the Study 22.3 Database and Methodology 22.3.1 Study Setting and Data Sources 22.3.2 Study Tool 22.4 Methods 22.5 Study Area 22.6 Results and Discussion 22.6.1 Spatial Distribution of the Maternal Health Care Centres and Prevailing Road Network 22.6.2 Distribution of Health Centre and Population 22.6.3 Measurement of Connectivity and Accessibility 22.6.4 Proximity to Health Facility 22.7 Findings and Conclusion References 23 Strategies for Sustainable Tribal Development in Purulia District, West Bengal, India: A Socio-ecological Perspective 23.1 Introduction 23.2 Issues and Challenges of Tribal Development 23.3 Strategies for Sustainable Tribal Development 23.4 Conclusion References 24 Development of Tribal Livelihood in Manbazar-II Block of Purulia District, West Bengal, India 24.1 Introduction 24.2 Materials and Methods 24.2.1 Study Area 24.2.2 Selection of the Study Area 24.2.3 Objectives of the Study 24.2.4 Database 24.2.5 Methodology 24.3 Results and Discussion 24.3.1 Workforce Participation 24.3.2 Agricultural Activity 24.3.3 Traditional Economic Activity 24.3.4 Income Status 24.3.5 Functional Groups, Functions and Their Weightage 24.3.6 Quality of Life 24.3.7 Human Development 24.4 Conclusion References 25 The Fourth Paradigm in Geographical Sciences 25.1 Introduction 25.2 Geographical Sciences and Data 25.2.1 Fundamental Principles 25.2.2 Data Levels and Mathematical Operations 25.3 Data Science Value Chain 25.3.1 Data Mining 25.3.2 Data Analytics 25.3.3 Data Visualization, Insights and Decision Support 25.4 Methods and Applications 25.4.1 Pattern Recognition 25.4.2 Correlation and Causation 25.4.3 Prediction 25.5 Social Media and Public Policy 25.6 Future Directions References 26 Establishing Relationships of Cellular Communication Coverage Provided by Governmental and Non-governmental Companies as a Function of Digital Elevation, Population Density, and Transport Infrastructure in Jodhpur District, Rajasthan 26.1 Introduction 26.2 Methodology 26.2.1 Setting 26.2.2 Okumura Hata Equations 26.3 Results and Discussions 26.4 Conclusion References