Literary Sinitic and East Asia: A Cultural Sphere of Vernacular Reading (Language, Writing and Literary Culture in the Sinographic Co)

Contents Editor’s Preface: Vernacular Reading in the Sinographic Cosmopolis and Beyond Author’s Preface to the English Edition Acknowledgements Figures Acronyms and Abbreviations Introduction 1 Buying Tickets at the Station 2 A Ticket Gate 3 Sinographic Expressions in East Asia 4 “Vernacular Reading”: The Kundoku Phenomenon in the Sinographic Cultural Sphere Chapter 1 Reading Literary Sinitic—kundoku “Vernacular Reading” in Japan 1 What Is kundoku 1.1 The Only Instance of kundoku in the World 1.2 Cosmopolitan lingua francas of the World: Latin, Arabic, Literary Sinitic 1.3 Sino-Japanese on Readings (go-on, kan-on, tō-on) and Vernacular kun Readings 1.4 What Is the “kun” in kun Readings? 2 Kundoku and Chinese Translations of Buddhist Sutras 2.1 The Sanskrit, Chinese, and Japanese Languages 2.2 “此云” in the Nihon shoki 2.3 How Buddhist Sutras Were Translated into Chinese 2.4 Awareness of Difference between Sanskrit and Chinese 2.5 “Rearranged Text” (廻文) and the Beginnings of kundoku 2.6 The Close Relationship between Japanese kundoku and Literary Sinitic Sutra Translations 2.7 Why Is It Possible to Translate Buddhist Sutras? Three Brothers Who Invented Scripts 2.8 Kundoku and Precision in Translation 3 The Ideological Context of kundoku 3.1 From the Debate about the Common Ancestry of Sanskrit and Chinese to the Theory of Sanskrit and Japanese Being Identical 3.2 The Theory of honji suijaku and kundoku 4 The Initial Stage of kundoku: From the Early Nara to the Mid-Heian Periods 4.1 Reading and Writing: kundoku before the Use of Notations 4.2 Sinographic Numerals Indicating Reading Order: Word-Order Notations 4.3 Origin of Word-Order Markings (I): Numerals in dharani 4.4 Origin of Word-Order Markings (II): Text in Sections and kundoku 4.5 Kundoku Using Signs of Various Kinds 4.6 Okurigana and okototen 4.7 Origins of okototen 5 Kundoku in the Period of Maturity: From the Mid-Heian to Insei Periods (ca. 10th to 12th Centuries ce) 5.1 How to Read okototen: The Example of the Baishi wenji 白氏文集 [Collected Works of Bai Juyi] 5.2 Independence of the kundoku Style and Its Secret Transmission 6 New Developments in Kundoku: From the Kamakura to Early Modern Periods 6.1 Decline of okototen and a New System of kundoku 6.2 A New Way of Thinking about kundoku: Aspirations for “Direct Reading” 6.3 Monks Studying Abroad and the Rise in Literary Sinitic Proficiency 6.4 The Neo-Confucian Worldview and kundoku 6.5 Kundoku in the Edo Period 6.6 Debates about the Abolition of kundoku: Tōgai 東涯 and Sorai 徂徠 6.7 The Issaiten 一斎点 and the Limits of the Debate about the Abolition of kundoku 7 Kundoku since the Meiji Period 7.1 Using kundoku to Study English 7.2 Liang Qichao’s Method of Reverse kundoku 7.3 Debate about “Direct Reading” Redux Chapter 2 Vernacular Reading in East Asia 1 Hundok on the Korean Peninsula 1.1 Literary Sinitic and ŏnhae Practice in Today’s Republic of Korea 1.2 Ŏnhae Exegeses Using han’gŭl and Sinographs 1.3 Vernacular Reading in Korea: The Thousand Character Classic 1.4 Hundok with Word-Order Markings during the Chosŏn Dynasty 1.5 Hundok Written with Simplified Sinographs: Common Features with kana 1.6 From Korean hundok to ŏnhae Hybrid Exegeses 1.7 Calls to Abolish hundok in Korea and kundoku in Japan 1.8 Korean Diplomatic Missions to Japan and Their Views of Japanese kundoku 1.9 Hundok before the Koryŏ Dynasty: The Old Translation of the Humane King Sūtra 1.10 The Humane King Sūtra in Korea and Japan 2 Hundok in Silla and Kokunten in Japan 2.1 Sŏl Ch’ong, Silla’s hundok Entrepreneur, and Japan 2.2 Interactions with Ōmi no Mifune 2.3 Use of Buddhist Texts from Silla to Revise the Buddhist Canon in Japan 2.4 Beginnings of Vernacular Reading in Japan and Silla 2.5 The kunten Markings in the Hwaŏm munŭi yogyŏl and Stylus Glosses in Korea 3 Ideological Background of hundok on the Korean Peninsula 3.1 Silla Monk Pilgrims Who Translated Sutras from Sanskrit 3.2 Silla Monk Hyech’o: Pilgrim and Translator of Sutras from the Sanskrit 3.3 Hyech’o’s Writing Style: Memoir of a Pilgrimage to the Five Kingdoms of India 3.4 Language Ideology in the Biography of Kyunyŏ 3.5 Concept of the Nation on the Korean Peninsula: Korea Is the Real China! 3.6 From “Zhendan” 震旦 (Cīnaṣṭhāna) to “Chindan” 震檀 3.7 Opening of Chosŏn and the Sino-Korean Mixed-Script Style 3.8 Re-importation of Vernacular hun-Reading Practice from Japan 3.9 And Yet hundok Survived 4 Vernacular Reading Phenomena on the Periphery of China 4.1 How Khitans Read Poetry 4.2 Khitan Attitudes toward Language and State 4.3 The Khitan Script 4.4 Gaochang and Uighur Vernacular Reading Practice 4.5 The Uighurs and Koryŏ 4.6 Vernacular Reading Phenomena in Vietnam 5 Vernacular Reading Phenomena in China 5.1 Vernacular Translations of the Records of the Three Kingdoms 5.2 Chinese History and Changes in the Chinese Language 5.3 Zhijie 直解: Colloquial Translations of Literary Sinitic 5.4 Literary Sinitic Studies by Foreign Ethnic Groups Chapter 3 Writing in Literary Sinitic: The Diverse World of Literary Sinitic in East Asia 1 The World of Poetry in East Asia 1.1 Sinitic Poetry in East Asia 1.2 Ho Chi Minh’s Sinitic Poetry 1.3 Korean hyangga and the Japanese Man’yō Songs 1.4 Waka, haiku, and sijo 1.5 Poetry in the Khitan Language 2 The Diversity of Literary Sinitic 2.1 Chinese Literary Sinitic and Buddhist Literary Sinitic 2.2 Types of Variant Literary Sinitic 2.3 Common Traits between Japanese Variant Literary Sinitic and Korean Variant Literary Sinitic: The Style of Japanese senmyō Imperial Edicts and Silla kyo Royal Decrees 2.4 A Piece of Humorous Writing in Korean idu-mun 2.5 Variant Literary Sinitic during the Mongolian Empire 2.6 Haner yanyu 漢児言語: Variant Literary Sinitic as a Spoken Language 2.7 Letter-Writing: Japanese sōrōbun Epistolary Writing and Chinese Epistolary Style 2.8 Spread of “Practical Writing” 2.9 Fukuzawa Yukichi’s Vernacular Writing and sōrōbun 2.10 Variant Literary Sinitic Registers across East Asia Chapter 4 Concluding Thoughts: The East Asian Literary Sinitic Cultural Sphere 1 A Diverse Range of Ways to Pronounce Sinographs 2 A Diverse Range of Ways to Read Literary Sinitic 3 A Diverse Range of Literary Sinitic Inscriptional Styles 4 Literary Sinitic Inscriptional Style and Social Class 5 The East Asian Literary Sinitic Cultural Sphere Chapter 5 Epilogue Bibliography Index of Named Individuals Index of Texts Cited Index of Terms Contents Editor’s Preface: Vernacular Reading in the Sinographic Cosmopolis and Beyond Author’s Preface to the English Edition Acknowledgements Figures Acronyms and Abbreviations Introduction 1 Buying Tickets at the Station 2 A Ticket Gate 3 Sinographic Expressions in East Asia 4 “Vernacular Reading”: The Kundoku Phenomenon in the Sinographic Cultural Sphere Chapter 1 Reading Literary Sinitic—kundoku “Vernacular Reading” in Japan 1 What Is kundoku 1.1 The Only Instance of kundoku in the World 1.2 Cosmopolitan lingua francas of the World: Latin, Arabic, Literary Sinitic 1.3 Sino-Japanese on Readings (go-on, kan-on, tō-on) and Vernacular kun Readings 1.4 What Is the “kun” in kun Readings? 2 Kundoku and Chinese Translations of Buddhist Sutras 2.1 The Sanskrit, Chinese, and Japanese Languages 2.2 “此云” in the Nihon shoki 2.3 How Buddhist Sutras Were Translated into Chinese 2.4 Awareness of Difference between Sanskrit and Chinese 2.5 “Rearranged Text” (廻文) and the Beginnings of kundoku 2.6 The Close Relationship between Japanese kundoku and Literary Sinitic Sutra Translations 2.7 Why Is It Possible to Translate Buddhist Sutras? Three Brothers Who Invented Scripts 2.8 Kundoku and Precision in Translation 3 The Ideological Context of kundoku 3.1 From the Debate about the Common Ancestry of Sanskrit and Chinese to the Theory of Sanskrit and Japanese Being Identical 3.2 The Theory of honji suijaku and kundoku 4 The Initial Stage of kundoku: From the Early Nara to the Mid-Heian Periods 4.1 Reading and Writing: kundoku before the Use of Notations 4.2 Sinographic Numerals Indicating Reading Order: Word-Order Notations 4.3 Origin of Word-Order Markings (I): Numerals in dharani 4.4 Origin of Word-Order Markings (II): Text in Sections and kundoku 4.5 Kundoku Using Signs of Various Kinds 4.6 Okurigana and okototen 4.7 Origins of okototen 5 Kundoku in the Period of Maturity: From the Mid-Heian to Insei Periods (ca. 10th to 12th Centuries ce) 5.1 How to Read okototen: The Example of the Baishi wenji 白氏文集 [Collected Works of Bai Juyi] 5.2 Independence of the kundoku Style and Its Secret Transmission 6 New Developments in Kundoku: From the Kamakura to Early Modern Periods 6.1 Decline of okototen and a New System of kundoku 6.2 A New Way of Thinking about kundoku: Aspirations for “Direct Reading” 6.3 Monks Studying Abroad and the Rise in Literary Sinitic Proficiency 6.4 The Neo-Confucian Worldview and kundoku 6.5 Kundoku in the Edo Period 6.6 Debates about the Abolition of kundoku: Tōgai 東涯 and Sorai 徂徠 6.7 The Issaiten 一斎点 and the Limits of the Debate about the Abolition of kundoku 7 Kundoku since the Meiji Period 7.1 Using kundoku to Study English 7.2 Liang Qichao’s Method of Reverse kundoku 7.3 Debate about “Direct Reading” Redux Chapter 2 Vernacular Reading in East Asia 1 Hundok on the Korean Peninsula 1.1 Literary Sinitic and ŏnhae Practice in Today’s Republic of Korea 1.2 Ŏnhae Exegeses Using han’gŭl and Sinographs 1.3 Vernacular Reading in Korea: The Thousand Character Classic 1.4 Hundok with Word-Order Markings during the Chosŏn Dynasty 1.5 Hundok Written with Simplified Sinographs: Common Features with kana 1.6 From Korean hundok to ŏnhae Hybrid Exegeses 1.7 Calls to Abolish hundok in Korea and kundoku in Japan 1.8 Korean Diplomatic Missions to Japan and Their Views of Japanese kundoku 1.9 Hundok before the Koryŏ Dynasty: The Old Translation of the Humane King Sūtra 1.10 The Humane King Sūtra in Korea and Japan 2 Hundok in Silla and Kokunten in Japan 2.1 Sŏl Ch’ong, Silla’s hundok Entrepreneur, and Japan 2.2 Interactions with Ōmi no Mifune 2.3 Use of Buddhist Texts from Silla to Revise the Buddhist Canon in Japan 2.4 Beginnings of Vernacular Reading in Japan and Silla 2.5 The kunten Markings in the Hwaŏm munŭi yogyŏl and Stylus Glosses in Korea 3 Ideological Background of hundok on the Korean Peninsula 3.1 Silla Monk Pilgrims Who Translated Sutras from Sanskrit 3.2 Silla Monk Hyech’o: Pilgrim and Translator of Sutras from the Sanskrit 3.3 Hyech’o’s Writing Style: Memoir of a Pilgrimage to the Five Kingdoms of India 3.4 Language Ideology in the Biography of Kyunyŏ 3.5 Concept of the Nation on the Korean Peninsula: Korea Is the Real China! 3.6 From “Zhendan” 震旦 (Cīnaṣṭhāna) to “Chindan” 震檀 3.7 Opening of Chosŏn and the Sino-Korean Mixed-Script Style 3.8 Re-importation of Vernacular hun-Reading Practice from Japan 3.9 And Yet hundok Survived 4 Vernacular Reading Phenomena on the Periphery of China 4.1 How Khitans Read Poetry 4.2 Khitan Attitudes toward Language and State 4.3 The Khitan Script 4.4 Gaochang and Uighur Vernacular Reading Practice 4.5 The Uighurs and Koryŏ 4.6 Vernacular Reading Phenomena in Vietnam 5 Vernacular Reading Phenomena in China 5.1 Vernacular Translations of the Records of the Three Kingdoms 5.2 Chinese History and Changes in the Chinese Language 5.3 Zhijie 直解: Colloquial Translations of Literary Sinitic 5.4 Literary Sinitic Studies by Foreign Ethnic Groups Chapter 3 Writing in Literary Sinitic: The Diverse World of Literary Sinitic in East Asia 1 The World of Poetry in East Asia 1.1 Sinitic Poetry in East Asia 1.2 Ho Chi Minh’s Sinitic Poetry 1.3 Korean hyangga and the Japanese Man’yō Songs 1.4 Waka, haiku, and sijo 1.5 Poetry in the Khitan Language 2 The Diversity of Literary Sinitic 2.1 Chinese Literary Sinitic and Buddhist Literary Sinitic 2.2 Types of Variant Literary Sinitic 2.3 Common Traits between Japanese Variant Literary Sinitic and Korean Variant Literary Sinitic: The Style of Japanese senmyō Imperial Edicts and Silla kyo Royal Decrees 2.4 A Piece of Humorous Writing in Korean idu-mun 2.5 Variant Literary Sinitic during the Mongolian Empire 2.6 Haner yanyu 漢児言語: Variant Literary Sinitic as a Spoken Language 2.7 Letter-Writing: Japanese sōrōbun Epistolary Writing and Chinese Epistolary Style 2.8 Spread of “Practical Writing” 2.9 Fukuzawa Yukichi’s Vernacular Writing and sōrōbun 2.10 Variant Literary Sinitic Registers across East Asia Chapter 4 Concluding Thoughts: The East Asian Literary Sinitic Cultural Sphere 1 A Diverse Range of Ways to Pronounce Sinographs 2 A Diverse Range of Ways to Read Literary Sinitic 3 A Diverse Range of Literary Sinitic Inscriptional Styles 4 Literary Sinitic Inscriptional Style and Social Class 5 The East Asian Literary Sinitic Cultural Sphere Chapter 5 Epilogue Bibliography Index of Named Individuals Index of Texts Cited Index of Terms "In Literary Sinitic and East Asia: A Cultural Sphere of Vernacular Reading, Professor Kin Bunkyō surveys the history of reading technologies referred to as kundoku in Japanese, hundok in Korean and xundu in Mandarin. Rendered by the translators as 'vernacular reading', these technologies were used to read Literary Sinitic through and into a wide variety of vernacular languages across diverse premodern East Asian civilizations and literary cultures. The book's editor, Ross King, prefaces the translation with an essay comparing East Asian traditions of 'vernacular reading' with typologically similar reading technologies in the Ancient Near East and calls for a shift in research focus from writing to reading, and from 'heterography' to 'heterolexia'. Translators are Marjorie Burge, Mina Hattori, Ross King, Alexey Lushchenko, and Si Nae Park"-- Provided by publisher In 'Literary Sinitic and East Asia: A Cultural Sphere of Vernacular Reading', Professor Kin Bunkyo surveys the history of reading technologies referred to as kundoku in Japanese, hundok in Korean and xundu in Mandarin. Rendered by the translators as ?vernacular reading?, these technologies were used to read Literary Sinitic through and into a wide variety of vernacular languages across diverse premodern East Asian civilizations and literary cultures. The book?s editor, Ross King, prefaces the translation with an essay comparing East Asian traditions of ?vernacular reading? with typologically similar reading technologies in the Ancient Near East and calls for a shift in research focus from writing to reading, and from ?heterography? to ?heterolexia?.0Translators are Marjorie Burge, Mina Hattori, Ross King, Alexey Lushchenko, and Si Nae Park