Literacy in the Persianate World : Writing and the Social Order

Persian Has Been A Written Language Since The Sixth Century B.c. Only Chinese, Greek, And Latin Have Comparable Histories Of Literacy. Although Persian Script Changed--first From Cuneiform To A Modified Aramaic, Then To Arabic--from The Ninth To The Nineteenth Centuries It Served A Broader Geographical Area Than Any Language In World History. It Was The Primary Language Of Administration And Belles Lettres From The Balkans Under The Earlier Ottoman Empire To Central China Under The Mongols, And From The Northern Branches Of The Silk Road In Central Asia To Southern India Under The Mughal Empire. Its History Is Therefore Crucial For Understanding The Function Of Writing In World History. Each Of The Chapters Of Literacy In The Persianate World Opens A Window Onto A Particular Stage Of This History, Starting From The Reemergence Of Persian In The Arabic Script After The Arab-islamic Conquest In The Seventh Century A.d., Through The Establishment Of Its Administrative Vocabulary, Its Literary Tradition, Its Expansion As The Language Of Trade In The Thirteenth Century, And Its Adoption By The British Imperial Administration In India, Before Being Reduced To The Modern Role Of National Language In Three Countries (afghanistan, Iran, And Tajikistan) In The Twentieth Century. Two Concluding Chapters Compare The History Of Written Persian With The Parallel Histories Of Chinese And Latin, With Special Attention To The Way Its Use Was Restricted And Channeled By Social Practice. This Is The First Comparative Study Of The Historical Role Of Writing In Three Languages, Including Two In Non-roman Scripts, Over A Period Of Two And A Half Millennia, Providing An Opportunity For Reassessment Of The Work On Literacy In English That Has Accumulated Over The Past Half Century. The Editors Take Full Advantage Of This Opportunity In Their Introductory Essay. Machine Generated Contents Note: Pt. One Foundations -- 1.new Persian: Expansion, Standardization, And Inclusivity / John R. Perry -- 2.secretaries, Poets, And The Literary Language / William L. Hanaway -- 3.the Transmission Of Persian Texts Compared To The Case Of Classical Latin / A.h. Morton -- Pt. Two Spread -- 4.persian As A Lingua Franca In The Mongol Empire / David Morgan -- 5.ottoman Turkish: Written Language And Scribal Practice, 13th To 20th Centuries / Linda T. Darling -- 6.persian Rhetoric In The Safavid Context: A 16th Century Nurbakhshiyya Treatise On Insha / Colin P. Mitchell -- Pt. Three Vernacularization And Nationalism -- 7.historiography In The Sadduzai Era: Language And Narration / Senzil Nawid -- 8.how Could Urdu Be The Envy Of Persian (rashk-i-farsi)! The Role Of Persian In South Asian Culture And Literature / Muhammad Aslam Syed -- 9.urdu Insha: The Hyderabad Experiment, 1860-1948 / Anwar Moazzam -- Contents Note Continued: 10.teaching Persian As An Imperial Language In India And In England During The Late 18th And Early 19th Centuries / Michael H. Fisher -- Pt. Four The Larger Context -- 11.the Latinate Tradition As A Point Of Reference / Joseph Farrell -- 12.persian Scribes (munshi) And Chinese Literati (ru). The Power And Prestige Of Fine Writing (adab / Wenzhang) / Victor H. Mair. Edited By Brian Spooner And William L. Hanaway. Maps On Lining Papers. Includes Bibliographical References And Index. Text Mainly In English With Some Text In Persian.

Persian has been a written language since the sixth century B.C. Only Chinese, Greek, and Latin have comparable histories of literacy. Although Persian script changed—first from cuneiform to a modified Aramaic, then to Arabic—from the ninth to the nineteenth centuries it served a broader geographical area than any language in world history. It was the primary language of administration and belles lettres from the Balkans under the earlier Ottoman Empire to Central China under the Mongols, and from the northern branches of the Silk Road in Central Asia to southern India under the Mughal Empire. Its history is therefore crucial for understanding the function of writing in world history.

Each of the chapters of Literacy in the Persianate World opens a window onto a particular stage of this history, starting from the reemergence of Persian in the Arabic script after the Arab-Islamic conquest in the seventh century A.D., through the establishment of its administrative vocabulary, its literary tradition, its expansion as the language of trade in the thirteenth century, and its adoption by the British imperial administration in India, before being reduced to the modern role of national language in three countries (Afghanistan, Iran, and Tajikistan) in the twentieth century. Two concluding chapters compare the history of written Persian with the parallel histories of Chinese and Latin, with special attention to the way its use was restricted and channeled by social practice.

This is the first comparative study of the historical role of writing in three languages, including two in non-Roman scripts, over a period of two and a half millennia, providing an opportunity for reassessment of the work on literacy in English that has accumulated over the past half century. The editors take full advantage of this opportunity in their introductory essay.

PMIRC, volume 4

Cover 1 Contents 6 Foreword 8 Preface 10 Contributors 16 Note on Transliteration and Referencing 18 Introduction: Persian as Koine: Written Persian in World-historical Perspective 20 Part One: Foundations 88 1 New Persian: Expansion, Standardization, and Inclusivity 89 2 Secretaries, Poets, and the Literary Language 114 3 The Transmission of Persian Texts Compared to the Case of Classical Latin 162 Part Two: Spread 178 4 Persian as a Lingua Franca in the Mongol Empire 179 5 Ottoman Turkish: Written Language and Scribal Practice, 13th to 20th Centuries 190 6 Persian Rhetoric in the Safavid Context: A 16th Century Nurbakhshiyya Treatise on Insha 215 Part Three: Vernacularization and Nationalism 252 7 Historiography in the Sadduzai Era: Language and Narration 253 8 How Could Urdu Be the Envy of Persian (rashk-i-Farsi)! The Role of Persian in South Asian Culture and Literature 298 9 Urdu Insha: The Hyderabad Experiment, 1860–1948 330 10 Teaching Persian as an Imperial Language in India and in England during the Late 18th and Early 19th Centuries 347 Part Four: The Larger Context 378 11 The Latinate Tradition as a Point of Reference 379 12 Persian Scribes (munshi) and Chinese Literati (ru). The Power and Prestige of Fine Writing (adab/wenzhang) 407 Afterword 434 Glossary 437 A 437 B 437 C 438 D 438 E 438 F 438 G 438 H 439 I 439 J 439 K 439 L 440 M 440 N 440 O 441 P 441 Q 441 R 441 S 441 T 442 U 442 V 442 Z 442 Index 443 A 443 B 445 C 445 D 446 E 446 F 446 G 447 H 447 I 447 J 448 K 448 L 449 M 449 N 451 O 451 P 452 Q 452 R 453 S 453 T 455 U 456 V 456 W 456 X 456 Y 456 Z 456 This book offers the first comparative study of the historical role of writing in three languages, including two in non-Roman scripts, over a period of two and a half millennia, which provides an opportunity for reassessment of the work on literacy in English that has accumulated over the past half century.