Linux Pocket Guide: Essential Commands

If you use Linux in your day-to-day work, then Linux Pocket Guide is the perfect on-the-job reference. This thoroughly updated 20th anniversary edition explains more than 200 Linux commands, including new commands for file handling, package management, version control, file format conversions, and more. In this concise guide, author Daniel Barrett provides the most useful Linux commands grouped by functionality. Whether you're a novice or an experienced user, this practical book is an ideal reference for the most important Linux commands. You'll learn: Essential concepts—commands, shells, users, and the filesystem File commands-creating, organizing, manipulating, and processing files of all kinds Sysadmin basics-superusers, processes, user management, and software installation Filesystem maintenance-disks, RAID, logical volumes, backups, and more Networking commands-working with hosts, network connections, email, and the web Getting stuff done-everything from math to version control to graphics and audio Preface Contents Symbols 1 Porous Media 1.1 The Continuum Approach to Porous Media 1.1.1 Phases, Chemical Species and Components 1.1.2 The Porous Medium 1.1.3 The Porous Medium Domain as a Continuum 1.1.4 Volume and Mass Averages 1.1.5 Areal Average 1.1.6 Size of REV 1.1.7 Phase Saturation and Solid Matrix Properties 1.2 Microscopic Level Imaging and Modeling 1.2.1 Objectives of Imaging 1.2.2 Examples of 3D Imaging of Porous Materials 1.2.3 Microscopic Level Modeling 1.3 Soil and Fractured Rock Domains 1.3.1 Soil Structure 1.3.2 Clay Minerals and Soil Colloids 1.3.3 Fractured Domains 1.3.4 Natural and Induced Fractures 1.3.5 Fractures–Porous Blocks Interactions 1.3.6 Approaches to the Description of Fractured Media 1.4 Scales and Upscaling 1.4.1 Scales of Heterogeneity 1.4.2 REV Averaging 1.4.3 Homogenization 1.4.4 The Phenomenological Approach 1.5 Modeling Procedure 1.5.1 The Conceptual Model 1.5.2 The Modeling Process 1.5.3 Existence, Uniqueness and Stability of Solution References 2 Some Elements of Thermodynamics 2.1 Equilibrium 2.2 Energy, Work, Entropy and Enthalpy 2.2.1 Entropy 2.2.2 Enthalpy and Internal Energy 2.2.3 Gibbs Free Energy 2.2.4 Chemical Potential and Fugacity 2.2.5 Partial Pressure in a Gas-Liquid System 2.2.6 Gibbs Free Energy and Chemical Reactions 2.3 Phase Behavior 2.3.1 Phase Change Under Equilibrium 2.3.2 Equations of State for Liquids 2.3.3 Equations of State for Gases 2.3.4 Introduction to Stress, Strain, and Tensors 2.3.5 Stress-Strain Relationship for a Solid 2.3.6 Enthalpy of a Solid 2.4 Interphase Surfaces and Transfers 2.4.1 Fluid-Fluid Interface 2.4.2 Wettability and Spreading 2.4.3 Capillary Pressure 2.4.4 Interphase Mass Transfer 2.5 Soil Potentials and Osmotic Pressure 2.5.1 Soil Potentials 2.5.2 Osmotic Pressure and Chemical Potential 2.6 Onsager's Theory of Coupled Processes References 3 Fundamental Balance Equations and Fluxes 3.1 Point, Particle, Velocity and Flux 3.1.1 Point and Particle 3.1.2 Velocity 3.1.3 E-Fluxes, Pathlines and Transport Lines 3.2 Microscopic Balance Equations for Extensive Quantities 3.2.1 The General Microscopic Balance Equation 3.2.2 Particular Cases 3.2.3 Initial and Boundary Conditions 3.3 Macroscopic Balance Equations for E (1) 3.3.1 The General Macroscopic Balance Equation 3.3.2 Particular Cases 3.4 E-Fluxes 3.4.1 Microscopic Advective and Diffusive Fluxes 3.4.2 Macroscopic Advective and Diffusive Fluxes 3.4.3 Dispersive Fluxes 3.4.4 Non-advective Fluxes 3.5 Interphase Transfers and Sources 3.5.1 Fluid to Solid Momentum Transfer 3.5.2 Interphase Energy Transfer 3.5.3 Sources of Extensive Quantities 3.6 Macroscopic E-Balance Equations (2) 3.6.1 Mass Balance of a Fluid Phase 3.6.2 Mass Balance for a γ-Chemical Species 3.6.3 Momentum Balance of a Newtonian Fluid 3.6.4 Energy Balance 3.7 Constitutive Equations 3.8 The Finite Volume Method 3.9 Primary Variables and Degrees of Freedom 3.9.1 Degrees of Freedom in Multiphase Flow 3.9.2 Degrees of Freedom Under Nonequilibrium Conditions 3.9.3 Partial Phase Equilibrium 3.10 Dimensionless Numbers and Non-dominant Effects References 4 Momentum Balance and Motion Equation 4.1 Some Historical Notes 4.1.1 Obtaining the Law Experimentally 4.1.2 Analogy to Flow Through Capillary Tubes 4.1.3 Models Based on Resistance to Flow Around Spheres 4.2 Darcy's Law 4.2.1 The Empirical Law 4.2.2 Extension to Three Dimensions 4.2.3 Hydraulic Conductivity and Permeability 4.2.4 Simplified Macroscopic Momentum Balance 4.2.5 Tortuosity 4.2.6 Range of Validity of Darcy's Law 4.2.7 Darcy's Law in an Anisotropic Porous Medium 4.3 Non-Darcy Flux Laws 4.3.1 Brinkman's Equation 4.3.2 Forchheimer's and Other High Re Flux Laws 4.3.3 The Klinkenberg Effect in Gas Flow References 5 Modeling Single-Phase Mass Transport 5.1 Mass Balance Equation for a Deformable Porous Medium 5.1.1 The Basic Fluid's Mass Balance Equation 5.1.2 Mass Balance Equation for the Solid Matrix 5.1.3 Mass Balance Equation for the Fluid 5.1.4 Effective Stress 5.1.5 Specific Storativity in Single Phase Flow 5.1.6 Three-Dimensional Flow with Deformation 5.1.7 Balance Equation for Gas Flow 5.2 Complete Flow Models 5.2.1 Boundary Surface 5.2.2 Initial Conditions 5.2.3 General Boundary Conditions 5.2.4 Particular Boundary Conditions 5.2.5 Complete 3-D Mathematical Flow Model 5.2.6 Two Phases Separated by a Sharp Interface 5.3 Modeling 2-D Flow in an Aquifer 5.3.1 Deriving 2-D Balance Equations by Integration 5.3.2 Initial and Boundary Conditions 5.4 Heterogeneity and Monte Carlo Simulations 5.5 Flow in Fractured Domains 5.5.1 Flow in a Single and Multiple Fractures 5.5.2 Flow in a Fractured Porous Medium Domain References 6 Modeling Multiphase Mass Transport 6.1 Macroscopic Capillary Pressure 6.2 Advective Fluxes in Multiple Phases 6.2.1 Two Fluid Phases 6.2.2 Effective Permeability 6.2.3 Relative Permeability-Capillary Pressure Relationship 6.3 Specific Storativity 6.4 Mass Balance Equations and Complete Model 6.4.1 The Flow Model 6.4.2 Initial and Boundary Conditions 6.4.3 Pressure-Saturation Form of the Balance Equation 6.4.4 Linear Displacement and Fingering 6.4.5 The Buckley Balance Equation 6.4.6 Two Phases with Interphase Mass Transfer 6.5 Three Fluid Phases 6.5.1 Statics 6.5.2 Motion Equations 6.5.3 Compositional Model–three Multicomponent Phases 6.5.4 Complete Model for Multiple Components References 7 Modeling Transport of Chemical Species 7.1 Measures of Phase Composition 7.2 Fluxes of Dissolved Species 7.2.1 Advective Flux 7.2.2 Diffusive Flux 7.2.3 Dispersive Flux 7.2.4 Field Scale Solute Dispersion 7.3 Mass Balance Equation for Reacting Species 7.3.1 Species Balance Equations 7.3.2 Injection and Pumping of a γ-Species Through Wells 7.3.3 Chemical Reactions 7.3.4 Transport of Chemically Reacting Species 7.4 Interphase Mass Transfers 7.4.1 Adsorption 7.4.2 Ion Exchange 7.4.3 Gas to Liquid γ-Mass Transfer 7.4.4 Liquid to Liquid γ-Mass Transfer 7.4.5 Solubility and Precipitation 7.5 Complete Solute Transport Model 7.5.1 General Boundary Condition 7.5.2 Particular Cases 7.5.3 Initial Condition 7.5.4 A Comment on Primary Variables Switching 7.5.5 Complete Model for a Single Solute 7.5.6 Multiple Reacting-Species in Multiple Phases 7.6 Stochastic Modeling and CTRW 7.6.1 Comments on the Stochastic Approach 7.6.2 Statistical Approaches and the CTRW Method 7.7 Colloidal and Nanoparticle Transport 7.7.1 Mass Balance Equations for a Contaminant 7.7.2 Colloids as Carriers of Contaminants 7.7.3 Mass Balance Equations for Colloids 7.8 Electromigration and Electrokinetics References 8 Modeling Energy and Mass Transport 8.1 Microscopic Energy Fluxes 8.1.1 Advective and Diffusive Fluxes; Single Species Fluid 8.1.2 Advective and Diffusive Fluxes; Multi-species Fluid 8.2 Microscopic Energy Balance Equation 8.2.1 Basic Equation 8.2.2 For a Fluid Phase Under Simplifying Assumptions 8.2.3 For a Deformable Elastic Solid Phase 8.3 Macroscopic Heat and Mass Fluxes 8.3.1 Advective and Dispersive Energy Flux 8.3.2 Advective Mass Flux 8.3.3 Diffusive Mass Flux of a γ-Species 8.3.4 Diffusive Heat Flux (equiv Conduction) 8.3.5 Diffusive Vapour Flux 8.3.6 Dispersive Heat Flux 8.3.7 Coupled Transport Fluxes 8.4 Macroscopic Heat and Mass Transport Models 8.4.1 Energy Balance without Chemical Reactions 8.4.2 Energy Balance with Phase Change 8.4.3 Vaporization 8.4.4 Initial and Boundary Conditions 8.5 Introduction to Natural Convection 8.5.1 The Oberbeck--Boussinesq Model 8.5.2 Natural Convection References 9 Poromechanics and Deformation 9.1 Stress, Strain, and Effective Stress 9.1.1 Effective Stress in Two-Phase Flow 9.1.2 Stress–Strain Relationship 9.1.3 Non-isothermal Conditions 9.1.4 Anisotropic Elastic Solid Matrix 9.2 Modeling Non-isothermal Flow and Deformation 9.2.1 The Mechanical Model 9.2.2 The Hydraulic Model for a Deformable Matrix 9.2.3 The Chemical Model 9.2.4 The Thermal Model 9.2.5 The Hydro-Thermal-Mechanical (HTM) Model 9.2.6 Failure of the Solid Matrix 9.3 Seepage Forces and Land Subsidence 9.3.1 Seepage Forces and Liquefaction 9.3.2 Land Subsidence 9.3.3 Integrated Equilibrium Equation 9.3.4 Terzaghi–Jacob Versus Biot Approaches 9.3.5 Land Subsidence Produced by Pumping 9.4 Waves in Porous Media References Appendix A Selected Phenomena of Transport and Processes in Chemical Engineering by Raphael Semiat[myfntast]1 and Jacob Bear A.1 Types of Reactors A.1.1 Flow Regimes in a Reactor A.1.2 Fixed Bed Reactors A.1.3 Moving Bed Reactors A.1.4 Other Characteristics of Reactors A.2 Processes in Fixed-Bed Reactors A.2.1 Processes in Single-Phase Flow A.2.2 Filtration A.2.3 Dissolution A.2.4 Adsorption A.2.5 Ion Exchange A.2.6 Chromatography A.2.7 Drying A.2.8 Chemical Reactions A.2.9 Catalytic Chemical Reactor A.2.10 Processes in Two Phase Flow A.2.11 Distillation A.2.12 Stripping/Absorption A.2.13 Solvent Extraction and Leaching A.2.14 Chemical Reactions A.3 Processes in Moving-Bed Reactors A.3.1 Fluidized Bed A.3.1.1 Crystallization A.3.2 Fluidized Bed-Catalytic Process A.3.3 Stirred Moving Bed A.3.3.1 Dissolution A.3.3.2 Adsorption A.3.3.3 Ion Exchange A.3.3.4 Crystallization A.3.3.5 Catalysis Appendix B Recent Advances in Pore Scale Imaging by Jonathan Ajo-Franklin and Marco Voltolini, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory B.1 Objectives of Pore-Scale Imaging B.2 Imaging Techniques B.3 X-Ray Imaging B.4 Neutron Imaging B.5 Magnetic Resonance Imaging B.6 Ablative Imaging Techniques B.7 Pore-Scale Imaging for Characterization B.8 Pore-Scale Imaging for Process Dynamics B.9 Frontiers of Pore-Scale Imaging B.10 Conclusions Appendix C Recent Advances in High Performance Computing by David Trebotich, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory C.1 Algorithms C.2 Software C.3 Hardware C.4 Pore Scale Simulation Index This book presents and discusses the construction of mathematical models that describe phenomena of flow and transport in porous media as encountered in civil and environmental engineering, petroleum and agricultural engineering, as well as chemical and geothermal engineering. The phenomena of transport of extensive quantities, like mass of fluid phases, mass of chemical species dissolved in fluid phases, momentum and energy of the solid matrix and of fluid phases occupying the void space of porous medium domains are encountered in all these disciplines. The book, which can also serve as a text for courses on modeling in these disciplines, starts from first principles and focuses on the construction of well-posed mathematical models that describe all these transport phenomena.