Linear Integrated Circuits

Cover 1 Copyright 3 Dedication 4 Contents 6 Preface 12 Acknowledgements 16 About the Author 20 Chapter 1: Fundamentals of Integrated Circuits 22 1.1 Introduction 22 1.2 History 25 1.3 Introduction to ICs 27 1.4 Classification of ICs 28 1.5 Advantages of IC Over Discrete Components 29 1.6 Basic Concepts of IC Fabrication Using Monolithic IC Technology 30 1.7 Fabrication Process of a Simple N-type MOSFET 33 1.8 Basic Structural Details of MOSFET (MOSFET Fabrication in IC Form) 39 1.9 Semiconductor Diode 40 1.10 Integrated Circuit (IC) Resistors and Capacitors 41 1.11 Junction Field Effect Transistor (n-Channel Fet) 45 1.12 Bipolar Junction Transistor 45 1.13 Application-specific IC 46 1.14 IC Assembly and Packaging 46 1.15 Overview and Interpretation of Data Sheets of Operational Amplifiers 49 1.16 Device Identification 50 1.17 Pin Identification and Temperature Ranges 51 Summary 51 Questions for Practice 52 Chapter 2: Fundamentals of Operational Amplifiers 54 2.1 Introduction 54 2.2 Introduction to Operational Amplifier 55 2.3 Block Diagram of an Operational Amplifier 56 2.4 BJT (Bipolar Junction Transistor) Differential Amplifier 56 2.5 Different Methods to Improve CMRR of Differential Amplifier 67 2.6 Basic Building Blocks of an Operational Amplifier 75 2.7 Analysis of Ideal Operational Amplifier 76 2.8 Pin Configuration of Operational Amplifiers μA 741 IC 77 2.9 Schematic Diagram of Operational Amplifier 78 2.10 Characteristic Features of an Ideal Operational Amplifier 79 2.11 Common-Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR) 82 2.12 Input Bias and Offset Current 84 2.13 Output Offset Voltage 86 2.14 Minimization (Elimination) of Output Offset Voltage 89 2.15 Maximum Ratings of Operational Amplifier 90 2.16 Frequency Responses of Operational Amplifiers 91 2.17 Effect of Finite GBP on Integrated Circuits 91 2.18 Powering OP Amps 92 2.19 Slew Rate and Methods of Improving Slew Rate 93 Points to Remember 96 Summary 97 Questions for Practice 97 Multiple-choice Questions 98 Chapter 3: Linear Applications of Operational Amplifier 100 3.1 Introduction 100 3.2 Operational Amplifier IC 101 3.3 Sign Changer (Inverting Voltage Amplifier) (Current Shunt Feedback Amplifier) 104 3.4 Scale Changer 107 3.5 Non-inverting Amplifier (Current Series Feedback Amplifier) 111 3.6 Cascaded (Multistage Amplifier) Amplifier 118 3.7 Difference (Differential) Amplifier 118 3.8 Instrumentation Amplifier 120 3.9 Analog Computer to Solve Differential Equations Simulating a System Model 132 3.10 Four-quadrant Multiplier (IC Multiplier) 134 3.11 Current-to-voltage Converter (Transresistance Amplifier) 136 3.12 Voltage-to-current Converter with Floating Load 137 3.13 Grounded Load Voltage to Current (V–I) Converter 138 3.14 Sample and Hold Amplifier 138 3.15 Clipper Circuit 139 3.16 Clamper Circuit 142 3.17 Voltage to Frequency and Frequency to Voltage Converter IC 145 Points to Remember 148 Summary 148 Questions for Practice 149 Multiple-choice Questions 150 Chapter 4: Non-Linear Applications of OP Amp 160 4.1 Introduction 160 4.2 Voltage Comparator 161 4.3 OP Amp Voltage Comparator 161 4.4 Different Types of Comparator ICs 165 4.5 Comparator Applications 167 4.6 Schmitt Trigger (Regenerative Comparator) 172 4.7 Inverting Schmitt Trigger 174 4.8 Wave Shaping of Output Signal Using Adjustable LTP and UTP 176 4.9 Non-inverting Schmitt Trigger 177 4.10 Adjustable UTP/LTP Schmitt Trigger 178 4.11 Multivibrators 181 4.12 Precision Rectifiers 184 4.13 Peak Detector Circuits 191 Points to Remember 196 Summary 198 Questions for Practice 198 Multiple-choice Questions 199 Chapter 5: Oscillators and Waveform Generators 206 5.1 Introduction 206 5.2 Oscillator Fundamentals 207 5.3 Oscillator Using OP Amp 210 5.4 RC Phase-shift Oscillator 211 5.5 Wien Bridge Oscillator 214 5.6 High Frequency Oscillator Circuits 217 5.7 Quadrature Oscillator 223 5.8 Square Waveform Generator 224 5.9 Free-running Ramp Waveform Generator 225 5.10 Triangular Waveform Generator 226 5.11 Voltage-Controlled Oscillator 226 5.12 Waveform Generator IC L8038 228 Points to Remember 231 Summary 232 Questions for Practice 232 Multiple-choice Questions 233 Chapter 6: 555 Timer and Its Applications 240 6.1 Introduction 240 6.2 555 IC Timer 241 6.3 Astable Multivibrator 247 6.4 Monostable Multivibrator 252 6.5 Ramp Generator 255 6.6 Bistable Mode (Schmitt Trigger) Operation of 555 Timer 255 6.7 Pulse-Width Modulator (PWM) Circuit 256 6.8 Pulse-Position Modulator (PPM) Circuit 257 6.9 Waveform Generator—IC 8038 258 Points to Remember 261 Summary 262 Questions for Practice 262 Multiple-choice Questions 263 Chapter 7: Phase-Locked Loop and Its Applications 270 7.1 Introduction 270 7.2 Phase-Locked Loop 273 7.3 Frequency Multiplier (Frequency Synthesizer) 280 7.4 Analog Frequency Multiplier (AFM) 283 7.5 Amplitude Modulation Detector 284 7.6 Frequency Modulation Detector 285 7.7 Phase Shifter 287 7.8 Frequency Shift Keying Detector 288 7.9 Tracking Filter Using Phase-Locked Loop 290 7.10 Frequency (Signal) Synchronizer 291 7.11 Digital Phase-Locked Loop (DPLL) 292 7.12 Software or Discrete Time Signal Based Phase-Locked Loop 293 Points to Remember 293 Summary 294 Questions for Practice 294 Multiple-choice Questions 295 Chapter 8: IC Voltage Regulator and DC Power Supply Circuits 296 8.1 Introduction 296 8.2 Basic Building Blocks of Linear IC Voltage Regulators 298 8.3 Series Voltage Regulator Circuit Using Operational Amplifier 300 8.4 Three-terminal Voltage Regulators (LM 7805 and LM 7905) 302 8.5 Voltage Regulators (LM 317 and LM 337) 306 8.6 Dual Power Supply Circuits 309 8.7 Precision Voltage Regulators 313 8.8 Switching Regulator and Switched-mode Power Supply 316 Points to Remember 320 Summary 321 Questions for Practice 322 Multiple-choice Questions 322 Chapter 9: Passive and Active Filters 324 9.1 Introduction 324 9.2 Concept of Filter Circuit Using Passive ‘RCL’ Components 325 9.3 Transfer Function Concept, Analysis, and Design 330 9.4 First-order Active Filters 334 9.5 Active Low-pass Butterworth Filter 337 9.6 Active High-pass Butterworth Filter 340 9.7 Switched Capacitor Filters 349 9.8 Active Band-pass Filter 351 9.9 Active Band Rejection (Stop) Filter 351 9.10 All-pass Filter 353 9.11 Multiple Feedback Filters (IGMF Filters) 355 9.12 State Variable Filters 356 Points to Remember 357 Summary 359 Questions for Practice 359 Multiple-choice Questions 360 Chapter 10: Analog to Digital and Digital to Analog Data Converters 372 10.1 Introduction 372 10.2 Analog to Digital Data Converters 373 10.3 Parallel Comparator (Flash) Type Analog to Digital Converter 375 10.4 Counter or Tracking Type Analog to Digital Converter 379 10.5 Successive Approximation Type Analog to Digital Converter 381 10.6 Single Slope Type Analog to Digital Converter 384 10.7 Dual Slope Type Analog to Digital Converter 385 10.8 Digital to Analog Conversion Techniques 390 10.9 Binary Weighted Resistor Type Digital to Analog Converter 393 10.10 R-2R Ladder with Operational Amplifier Type Digital to Analog Converter 394 10.11 Inverted R-2R Ladder Digital to Analog Converter 396 10.12 Digital to Analog Converter with Memory 397 10.13 IC 1408/1508 Digital to Analog Converter 397 10.14 Specifications for Integrated Circuits Used in Digital to Analog Converters and Analog to Digital Converters 398 Points to Remember 400 Summary 401 Questions for Practice 401 Multiple-choice Questions 402 Chapter 11: Introduction to Digital Integrated Circuits 406 11.1 Introduction to Integrated Circuits 406 11.2 Classification of Integrated Circuits 407 11.3 Classification of Logic Families 409 11.4 Standard TTL Nand Gate: Analysis and Characteristics 420 11.5 Standard TTL Gate Circuit Parameters 431 11.6 TTL Open-collector Outputs 434 11.7 Tristate TTL Output Stage 438 11.8 Metal Oxide Semiconductor (MOS) FET Switches in Logic Gates 440 Points to Remember 450 Summary 451 Questions for Practice 451 Multiple-choice Questions 452 Chapter 12: Circuit Design and Simulation Using PSpice® 454 12.1 Introduction 454 12.2 PSPICE Workspace and Wiring the Circuit 455 Index 500 Book Contents - 1. Fundamentals of Integrated Circuits 2. Fundamentals of Operational Amplifiers 3. Linear Applications of Operational Amplifier 4. Non-Linear Applications of OP Amp 5. Oscillators and Waveform Generators 6. 555 Timer and Its Applications 7. Phase-Locked Loop and Its Applications 8. IC Voltage Regulator and DC Power Supply Circuits 9. Passive and Active Filters 10. Analog to Digital and Digital to Analog Data Converters 11. Introduction to Digital Integrated Circuits 12. Circuit Design and Simulation Using PSpice® About The Author - Dr B. Visvesvara Rao is a Professor and Head of the Department of Electronics and Communications Engineering, Mahaveer Institute of Science and Technology, Hyderabad, India. Dr Rao has over 37 years of academic experience as Associate Professor at JNTU College of Engineering, Kakinada (Andhra Pradesh), grooming thousands of engineers through the portals of JNTU. Dr Rao has already authored five books with Pearson Education. Besides his teaching profession, Dr Rao is also a successful entrepreneur. He is the Director of NeoSilica Technologies Pvt. Ltd., a leading indigenous maker of IIoT (Industrial Internet of Things) based applications for Smart Grid and Smart City, including solar plants and grid-responsive buildings. Dr Rao is an active member in IETE, IEEE, and IEI for 30 years, a member of Indian Society for Technical Education, a Fellow of Institution of Engineers (India), Kolkata, and a Fellow of Institution of Electronics and Telecommunications Engineers, New Delhi. Dr Rao is a Member of IETE Governing Council, New Delhi (2014-2016). Dr Rao has travelled across India, United States (AT&T Bell Labs, Silicon Valley, and Wall Street firms), and Europe, thereby actively exploring world-class institutions, technologies, people, and practices, and inspiring the young and the old alike This book provides (a) students with good in-depth and complete study material that is easy to learn and gain mastery of the subject of 'LIC', subscribing fully to university course syllabus and later in their professional career, (b) teaching faculty find complete subject material easy to impart in the classrooms and build strong foundation for the students, and (c) practitioners in the area who need to refer back to a seemingly simple concept that needs clarity and reinforcement while working on live projects