Linden's Handbook of Batteries, 4th Edition

The Most Complete And Up-to-date Guide To Battery Technology And Selection Thoroughly Revised Throughout, Linden's Handbook Of Batteries, Fourth Editions Provides Authoritative Coverage Of The Characteristics, Properties, And Performance Of Every Major Battery Type. New Information On Emerging Battery Systems And Their Applications Is Included In This Definitive Volume. International Experts Offer Unparalleled Technical Guidance On Using Leading-edge Technologies, Materials, And Methods In New Designs And Products, And Selecting The Most Suitable Battery For A Particular Application. All Of The In-depth Data You Need Is Contained In This Comprehensive Resource. The Book Will Be Useful To Graduate Students, Battery Researchers, Applications Engineers, And All Others Interested In The State-of-the-art In Battery Technology. Linden's Handbook Of Batteries, Fourth Edition Covers: Principles Of Operation Primary And Secondary Batteries Specialized Battery Systems Fuel Cells And Electrochemical Capacitors Includes New Chapters On: Battery Modeling Battery Electrolytes Lithium-ion Batteries Battery Selection For Consumer Electronics Batteries For Electric, Hybrid, And Plug-in Hybrid Vehicles Batteries For Electrical Energy Storage Systems Batteries For Biomedical Applications Button Cell Batteries Batteries For Military And Space Applications, Including Reserve Water-activated And Reserve Military Batteries Electrochemical Capacitors Contents 8 Contributors 20 Preface 22 Part 1 Principles of Operation 24 Chapter 1. Basic Concepts 26 1.1. Components of Cells and Batteries 26 1.2. Classification of Cells and Batteries 27 1.3. Operation of a Cell 29 1.4. Theoretical Cell Voltage, Capacity, and Energy 32 1.5. Specific Energy and Energy Density of Practical Batteries 37 1.6. Limits of Specific Energy and Energy Density 39 References 40 Chapter 2. Electrochemical Principles and Reactions 42 2.1. Introduction 42 2.2. Thermodynamic Background 44 2.3. Electrode Processes 45 2.4. Electrical Double-Layer Capacity and Ionic Adsorption 51 2.5. Mass Transport to the Electrode Surface 56 2.6. Electrochemical Techniques 60 References 76 Bibliography 77 Chapter 3. Factors Affecting Battery Performance 80 3.1. General Characteristics 80 3.2. Factors Affecting Battery Performance 80 References 101 Chapter 4. Battery Standardization 102 4.1. General 102 4.2. International Standards 102 4.3. Concepts of Standardization 104 4.4. IEC and ANSI Nomenclature Systems 105 4.5. Terminals 108 4.6. Electrical Performance 109 4.7. Markings 110 4.8. Cross-References of ANSI IEC Battery Standards 110 4.9. Listing of IEC Standard Round Primary Batteries 110 4.10. Standard SLI and Other Lead-Acid Batteries 113 4.11. Regulatory and Safety Standards 120 Note 121 References 121 Chapter 5. Battery Design 122 5.1. General 122 5.2. Designing to Eliminate Potential Safety Problems 122 5.3. Battery Safeguards When Using Discrete Batteries 128 5.4. Battery Construction 131 5.5. Design of Rechargeable Batteries 135 5.6. Electronic Energy Management and Control Systems 139 References 144 Chapter 6. Mathematical Modeling of Batteries 146 6.1. Introduction 146 6.2. Development of a Mathematical Model 149 6.3. Building Empirical Models 150 6.4. Mechanistic Models 154 6.5. Kinetic Model of a Silver Vanadium Oxide Cell 158 6.6. Modeling Porous Electrodes 160 6.7. Lead-Acid Battery Model 161 6.8. Intercalation in Porous Electrodes 163 6.9. Energy Balance 163 6.10. Degradation Models 166 6.11. Determining the Right Model 170 List of Symbols 170 References 172 Chapter 7. Battery Electrolytes 174 7.1. Introduction 174 7.2. Aqueous Electrolytes 174 7.3. Nonaqueous Electrolytes 179 7.4. Ionic Liquids 182 7.5. Solid Polymer Electrolytes 183 7.6. Ceramic/Glassy Electrolytes 184 References 184 Part 2 Primary Batteries 186 Chapter 8. An Introduction to Primary Batteries 188 8.1. General Characteristics and Applications of Primary Batteries 188 8.2. Types and Characteristics of Primary Batteries 189 8.3. Comparison of the Performance Characteristics of Primary Battery Systems 193 8.4. Recharging Primary Batteries 203 Chapter 9. Zinc-Carbon Batteries—Leclanché and Zinc Chloride Cell Systems 204 9.1. General Characteristics 204 9.2. Chemistry 207 9.3. Types of Cells and Batteries 207 9.4. Construction 209 9.5. Cell Components 213 9.6. Performance Characteristics 218 9.7. Special Designs 236 9.8. Types and Sizes of Available Cells and Batteries 239 References 244 Chapter 10. Magnesium and Aluminum Batteries 246 10.1. General Characteristics 246 10.2. Chemistry 247 10.3. Construction of Mg/MnO[Sub(2)] Batteries 249 10.4. Performance Characteristics of Mg/MnO[Sub(2)] Batteries 251 10.5. Sizes and Types of Mg/MnO[Sub(2)] Batteries 256 10.6. Other Types of Magnesium Batteries 256 10.7. Aluminum Primary Batteries 257 References 257 Chapter 11. Alkaline-Manganese Dioxide Batteries 260 11.1. General Characteristics 260 11.2. Chemistry 263 11.3. Cell Components and Materials 266 11.4. Construction 270 11.5. EvoltaTM and OxyrideTM Batteries 275 References 276 Chapter 12. Mercuric Oxide Batteries 278 12.1. General Characteristics 278 12.2. Chemistry 279 12.3. Cell Components 280 12.4. Construction 282 12.5. Performance Characteristics of Zinc/Mercuric Oxide Batteries 284 12.6. Performance Characteristics of Cadmium/Mercuric Oxide Batteries 289 References 291 Chapter 13. Button Cell Batteries: Silver Oxide–Zinc and Zinc-Air Systems 292 Section A. Silver Oxide-Zinc Batteries 292 Section B. Zinc-Air Batteries 307 References 327 Bibliography 328 Chapter 14. Lithium Primary Batteries 330 14.1. General Characteristics 330 14.2. Chemistry 333 14.3. Characteristics of Lithium Primary Batteries 337 14.4. Safety and Handling of Lithium Batteries 343 14.5. Lithium/Sulfur Dioxide (Li/SO[Sub(2)]) Batteries 345 14.6. Lithium/Thionyl Chloride (Li/SOCl[Sub(2)]) Batteries 355 14.7. Lithium/Oxychloride Batteries 371 14.8. Lithium/Manganese Dioxide (Li/MnO[Sub(2)]) Batteries 376 14.9. Lithium/Carbon Monofluoride (Li/CFx) Batteries 393 14.10. Lithium/Iron Disulfide (Li/FeS[Sub(2)]) Batteries 404 14.11. Lithium/Copper Oxide (Li/CuO) Cells 410 14.12. Lithium/Silver Vanadium Oxide Batteries 417 14.13. Lithium/Water and Lithium/Air Batteries 417 References 417 Part 3 Secondary Batteries 420 Chapter 15. An Introduction to Secondary Batteries 422 15.1. General Characteristics and Applications of Secondary Batteries 422 15.2. Types and Characteristics of Secondary Batteries 423 15.3. Comparison of Performance Characteristics for Secondary Battery Systems 428 References 438 Chapter 16. Lead-Acid Batteries 440 16.1. General Characteristics 440 16.2. Chemistry 446 16.3. Constructional Features, Materials, and Manufacturing Methods 456 16.4. SLI (Automotive) Batteries: Construction and Performance 476 16.5. Deep-Cycle and Traction Batteries: Construction and Performance 485 16.6. Stationary Batteries: Construction and Performance 495 16.7. Charging and Charging Equipment 506 16.8. Maintenance, Safety, and Operational Features 514 16.9. Applications and Markets 519 References 524 Chapter 17. Valve Regulated Lead-Acid Batteries 528 17.1. General Characteristics 528 17.2. Chemistry 530 17.3. Cell Construction 531 17.4. Performance Characteristics 535 17.5. Charging Characteristics 549 17.6. Safety and Handling 559 17.7. Battery Types and Sizes 560 17.8. Applications of VRLA Batteries to Uninterruptible Power Supplies 563 17.9. Current Developments and Future Opportunities for VRLA Batteries 565 References 566 Chapter 18. Iron Electrode Batteries 568 18.1. General Characteristics 568 18.2. Chemistry of Nickel-Iron Batteries 568 18.3. Conventional Nickel-Iron Batteries 571 18.4. Advanced Nickel-Iron Batteries 579 18.5. Iron/Air Batteries 582 18.6. Silver-Iron Battery 584 18.7. Recent Advances in Iron Anode Materials 588 18.8. Iron Materials as Cathodes 588 References 591 Chapter 19. Industrial and Aerospace Nickel-Cadmium Batteries 594 19.1. Introduction 594 19.2. Chemistry 596 19.3. Construction 596 19.4. Performance Characteristics 600 19.5. Charging Characteristics 605 19.6. Sealed Nickel-Cadmium (SNC) Battery Technology 606 19.7. Fiber Nickel-Cadmium (FNC) Battery Technology 606 19.8. Manufacturers and Market Segments 612 19.9. Applications 614 Bibliography 615 Chapter 20. Vented Sintered-Plate Nickel-Cadmium Batteries 618 20.1. General Characteristics 618 20.2. Chemistry 618 20.3. Construction 620 20.4. Performance Characteristics 623 20.5. Charging Characteristics 632 20.6. Maintenance Procedures 636 20.7. Reliability 638 20.8. Cell and Battery Designs 641 References 645 Chapter 21. Portable Sealed Nickel-Cadmium Batteries 646 21.1. General Characteristics 646 21.2. Chemistry 646 21.3. Construction 648 21.4. Performance Characteristics 651 21.5. Charging Characteristics 664 21.6. Special-Purpose Batteries 670 21.7. Battery Types and Sizes 676 21.8. Battery Sizes and Availability 678 Reference 678 Bibliography 678 Chapter 22. Nickel-Metal Hydride Batteries 680 22.1. Introduction 680 22.2. General Characteristics 681 22.3. NiMH Battery Chemistry 681 22.4. Cell Construction Types 689 22.5. Cell Design Issues 694 22.6. EV Battery Packs 696 22.7. Hybrid Battery Packs 698 22.8. Fuel Cell Startup and Power Assist 700 22.9. Consumer Batteries—Precharged NiMH 700 22.10. Discharge Performance 701 22.11. Charge Methods 719 22.12. Electrical Isolation 726 22.13. Next Generation NiMH 727 References 729 Chapter 23. Nickel-Zinc Batteries 732 23.1. Introduction 732 23.2. Nickel-Zinc Chemistry 733 23.3. Cell Construction 738 23.4. Performance Characteristics 742 23.5. Applications 751 23.6. Environmental Aspects of the Nickel-Zinc Battery 755 References 755 Chapter 24. Nickel-Hydrogen Batteries 758 24.1. General Characteristics 758 24.2. Chemistry 758 24.3. Cell and Electrode-Stack Components 760 24.4. Ni-H[Sub(2)] Cell Construction 762 24.5. Ni-H[Sub(2)] Battery Design 767 24.6. Applications 771 24.7. Performance Characteristics 774 24.8. Advanced Designs 780 References 784 Bibliography 785 Chapter 25. Silver Oxide Batteries 786 25.1. General Characteristics 786 25.2. Chemistry 788 25.3. Cell Construction and Components 788 25.4. Performance Characteristics 793 25.5. Charging Characteristics 805 25.6. Cell Types and Sizes 806 25.7. Special Features and Handling 809 25.8. Applications 809 25.9. Recent Developments 812 References 814 Chapter 26. Lithium-Ion Batteries 816 26.1. General Characteristics 816 26.2. Chemistry 818 26.3. Construction 856 26.4. Characteristics and Performance 862 26.5. Safety Properties 883 26.6. Conclusions and Future Trends 890 Acknowledgments 890 References 890 Chapter 27. Rechargeable Lithium Metal Batteries (Ambient Temperature) 896 27.1. General Characteristics 896 27.2. Chemistry 898 27.3. Characteristics of Lithium Rechargeable Batteries 908 27.4. Conclusions 917 Acknowledgments 917 References 919 Chapter 28. Rechargeable Zinc/Alkaline/Manganese Dioxide Batteries 924 28.1. General Characteristics 924 28.2. Chemistry 924 28.3. Construction 926 28.4. Performance 927 28.5. Charge Methods 935 28.6. Types of Cells and Batteries 938 References 940 Part 4 Specialized Battery Systems 942 Chapter 29. Batteries for Electric and Hybrid Vehicles 944 29.1. Introduction 944 29.2. EV Battery Performance Targets 953 29.3. Batteries for Electric Vehicles 956 29.4. Other Energy Storage Technologies for Electric Vehicles 962 29.5. Hybrid Electric Vehicles 963 29.6. Types of Hybrid Electric Vehicles 969 29.7. Comparison of HEV Battery Performance Requirements 976 29.8. Vehicle Integration of HEV Batteries 978 29.9. Other Energy Storage Technologies for Hybrid Electric Vehicles 987 References 987 Chapter 30. Batteries for Electrical Energy Storage Applications 990 30.1. Introduction: Energy Storage on the Electric Grid 990 30.2. Historical Perspective 993 30.3. Battery Energy Storage for Electricity Applications: How Storage Systems Create Value 994 30.4. Landmark Battery Energy Storage Systems 1007 30.5. Advanced Battery Technologies for Stationary Applications 1011 30.6. Flowing Electrolyte Batteries 1024 30.7. Conclusion 1034 Acknowledgments 1034 References 1034 Chapter 31. Batteries for Biomedical Applications 1038 31.1. Applications and Requirements for Implantable Batteries 1038 31.2. Applications and Requirements for Batteries for Externally Powered Medical Devices 1044 31.3. Safety Considerations 1046 31.4. Reliability Considerations 1049 31.5. Characteristics of Batteries for Biomedical Applications 1052 References 1073 Chapter 32. Battery Selection for Consumer Electronics 1078 32.1. Introduction 1078 32.2. Key Considerations in Selecting a Battery 1078 32.3. Typical Portable Applications 1079 32.4. Primary Battery Types and Applications 1080 32.5. Secondary Battery Types and Applications 1083 32.6. Specific Criteria for Battery Selection 1086 32.7. Decision Making and Trade-Offs 1094 32.8. Avoiding Common Pitfalls in Battery Selection 1097 Chapter 33. Metal/Air Batteries 1100 33.1. General Characteristics 1100 33.2. Chemistry 1103 33.3. Zinc/Air Batteries 1105 33.4. Aluminum/Air Batteries 1126 33.5. Magnesium/Air Batteries 1142 33.6. Lithium/Air Batteries 1143 References 1154 Chapter 34. Reserve Magnesium Anode and Zinc/Silver Oxide Batteries 1158 Section A. Magnesium Water-Activated Batteries 1158 Section B. Zinc/Silver Oxide Reserve Batteries 1183 References 1197 Bibliography 1198 Chapter 35. Reserve Military Batteries 1200 Section A. Ambient-Temperature Lithium Anode Reserve Batteries 1200 Section B. Spin-Dependent Reserve Batteries 1219 References 1229 Bibliography 1229 Chapter 36. Thermal Batteries 1232 36.1. General Characteristics 1232 36.2. Description of Electrochemical Systems 1234 36.3. Cell Chemistry 1238 36.4. Cell Construction 1241 36.5. Cell-Stack Designs 1244 36.6. Performance Characteristics 1246 36.7. Testing and Surveillance 1249 36.8. New Developments 1249 References 1249 Bibliography 1250 Part 5 Fuel Cells and Electrochemical Capacitors 1252 Chapter 37. Introduction to Fuel Cells 1254 37.1. General Characteristics 1254 37.2. Operation of the Fuel Cell 1256 37.3. Subkilowatt Fuel Cells 1260 37.4. Innovative Subkilowatt Designs: Solid Oxide Fuel Cells 1264 References 1265 Chapter 38. Small Fuel Cells 1266 38.1. General 1266 38.2. Applicable Fuel Cell Technologies 1267 38.3. Cell Electrochemical Operation 1268 38.4. Cell Stacking Configurations 1270 38.5. Fuel Selection 1271 38.6. Fuel Processing and Storage Configurations 1271 38.7. System Integration Requirements 1276 38.8. Hardware and Performance 1278 38.9. Prognosis 1285 References 1285 Chapter 39. Electrochemical Capacitors 1286 39.1. Introduction 1286 39.2. Chemistry and Material Properties 1291 39.3. Performance Characteristics of Devices 1295 39.4. Electrochemical Capacitor Modeling 1298 39.5. Testing Electrochemical Capacitors 1307 39.6. Cost and System Considerations for Capacitors and Batteries 1318 References 1326 Appendices 1330 Appendix A. Definitions 1332 Appendix B. Standard Reduction Potentials 1342 Appendix C. Electrochemical Equivalents of Battery Materials 1344 Appendix D. Standard Symbols and Constants 1348 Appendix E. Conversion Factors 1352 Appendix F. Bibliography 1368 Books 1368 Periodicals 1369 Proceedings of Annual/Biennial Conferences 1369 Other Reference Sources: Handbooks and Bibliographies 1370 Standards 1370 Appendix G. Battery Manufacturers and R&D Organizations 1372 Appendix H. Methodologies for Battery Failure Analysis 1398 Introduction 1398 Collection of Background Information 1399 Recovery of Physical Evidence or Samples 1400 Host Device or System Examination 1400 Battery and Cell Examination 1403 Battery Management and Protection Circuitry Examination 1425 Working with Data from OEMs and Battery Manufacturers 1427 Conclusions 1428 Acknowledgments 1429 References 1429 Index 1432 A 1432 B 1433 C 1434 D 1437 E 1438 F 1440 G 1441 H 1441 I 1441 J 1442 K 1442 L 1442 M 1445 N 1446 O 1448 P 1448 R 1450 S 1450 T 1454 U 1455 V 1455 W 1455 X 1456 Z 1456 Publisher's Note: Products purchased from Third Party sellers are not guaranteed by the publisher for quality, authenticity, or access to any online entitlements included with the product. The most complete and up-to-date guide to battery technology and selectionThoroughly revised throughout, Linden's Handbook of Batteries , Fourth Editions provides authoritative coverage of the characteristics, properties, and performance of every major battery type. New information on emerging battery systems and their applications is included in this definitive volume. International experts offer unparalleled technical guidance on using leading-edge technologies, materials, and methods in new designs and products, and selecting the most suitable battery for a particular application. All of the in-depth data you need is contained in this comprehensive resource. The book will be useful to graduate students, battery researchers, applications engineers, and all others interested in the state-of-the-art in battery technology. Linden's Handbook of Batteries , Fourth Edition covers: PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION PRIMARY AND SECONDARY BATTERIES SPECIALIZED BATTERY SYSTEMS FUEL CELLS AND ELECTROCHEMICAL CAPACITORS Includes new chapters on: Battery modeling Battery electrolytes Lithium-ion batteries Battery selection for consumer electronics Batteries for electric, hybrid, and plug-in hybrid vehicles Batteries for electrical energy storage systems Batteries for biomedical applications Button cell batteries Batteries for military and space applications, including reserve water-activated and reserve military batteries Electrochemical capacitors 'Linden's Handbook of Batteries' provides authoritative data on the characteristics, properties, and performance of every major battery type. This fourth edition is entirely rewritten and reorganized to reflect the huge advances in cell efficiency