Light Scattering Reviews 10: Light Scattering and Radiative Transfer (Springer Praxis Books)

The work is aimed at the review of hot topics in modern light scattering and radiative transfer. A special attention will be given to the description of the methods of integro-differential radiative transfer equation solution. In particular, the asymptotic radiative transfer and the method of discrete ordinates will be considered. A comprehensive review of light absorption in the terrestrial atmosphere will be given as well. The inverse problem solution will be reviewed as well Contents 6 List of Contributors 10 Preface 12 Part I Polarimetry 16 1 Polarization of light in the atmosphere and ocean 17 1.1 Introduction 17 1.2 Brief history of polarization 17 1.3 Stokes–Mueller formulation 19 1.4 Stokes parameters 20 1.5 Mueller matrices 27 1.6 Neutral points in the atmosphere and ocean 30 1.7 Polarotaxis for marine animals 34 1.8 Application of polarization to atmospheric studies 36 1.9 Summary 45 Acknowledgments 47 References 47 2 Recent developments in the use of light polarization for marine environment monitoring from space 54 2.1 Introduction 54 2.2 Brief history of the discovery of polarization patterns in the marine environment 55 2.3 Potentialities of polarimetric remote sensing of marine biogeochemical parameters 57 2.4 Theoretical basis on radiative transfer through the atmosphere–ocean system 59 2.5 Impact of the marine components on polarization state of light 62 2.5.1 Phytoplankton 63 2.5.2 Colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM) 67 2.5.3 Suspended sediments 68 2.5.4 Air–sea interface: impacts on above-water radiometric measurements 69 2.6 Benefits of polarization measurements for field and satellite remote sensing 73 2.6.1 Estimation of chlorophyll fluorescence through the polarization discrimination technique 73 2.6.2 Measuring the polarization state of water-leaving radiation 76 2.6.3 Aerosol determination and atmospheric correction 78 2.6.4 Near-surface wind-speed estimation 82 2.7 Conclusion 86 Acknowledgments 87 References 88 3 Polarimetry in terrestrial applications 98 3.1 Introduction 98 3.2 Mueller matrices of deterministic and depolarizing objects 99 3.3 Mueller matrix polarimetry 112 3.4 Radar polarimetry 114 3.5 Applications of optical and radar polarimetry 121 3.5.1 Vegetation 121 3.5.2 Soil 140 3.5.3 Atmosphere 143 3.5.4 Contamination 147 3.5.5 Sea ice and water 152 3.5.6 Geology 154 Acknowledgment 164 References 164 4 Modeling polarized solar radiation of the ocean–atmosphere system for satellite remote sensing applications 176 4.1 Introduction 176 4.2 Radiative-transfer model 179 4.3 Surface-reflection model 182 4.4 Numerical calculations 185 4.4.1 Validation of the ADRTM 185 4.4.2 A super-thin cloud detection method revealed by the ADRTM and PARASOL 192 4.4.3 Effects of water vapor, surface, wavelength, and aerosol on polarization 197 4.5 Summary and conclusion 204 Acknowledgments 205 References 206 Part II Atmospheric optics and inverse problems 210 5 Vertical profiles of optical and microphysical characteristics of tropospheric aerosol from aircraft measurements 211 5.1 Introduction 211 5.2 Specific comprehensive experiments 216 5.2.1 Instrumentation 217 5.2.2 Specific experiments 218 5.3 Long-term observations of vertical profiles of tropospheric aerosol characteristics: Usage in models 225 5.4 Conclusion 237 References 238 6 Light absorption in the atmosphere 247 6.1 Introduction 247 6.2 Definitions 247 6.2.1 Absorption coefficient, extinction coefficient, scattering coefficient 247 6.2.2 Scattering function, phase function 250 6.2.3 Asymmetry parameter 250 6.2.4 Model phase functions 250 6.2.5 Radiance of a layer of gas/aerosol 251 6.3 Light absorption by gases 251 6.3.1 Attenuation law for line spectra 254 6.4 Light absorption by solids 255 6.5 Refractive index 256 6.5.1 Refractive index of mixtures of two light-absorbing substances 258 6.5.2 Data for the refractive index of materials forming absorbing particles 259 6.5.3 Wavelength dependence of the refractive index 263 6.6 Mie theory 263 6.7 Influence of the refractive index on the absorption coefficient and related properties 266 6.7.1 Absorption coefficient 266 6.7.2 Coated sphere 270 6.7.3 Single-scattering albedo 273 6.7.4 Volume-scattering function 274 6.8 Wavelength dependence of the optical properties 274 6.8.1 Absorption coefficient 275 6.9 Multiple scattering 278 6.9.1 Radiance of the horizon 278 6.9.2 Reflected and transmitted light 279 6.10 Light-absorbing particles in the atmosphere 281 6.10.1 Mineral dust particles 281 6.10.2 black carbon 281 Formation of light-absorbing particles during combustion 281 6.10.3 Brown carbon 282 6.11 Measurement of light absorption 283 6.11.1 Absorption by the subtraction method 283 6.11.2 Absorption by elimination of scattering 285 6.11.3 Use of various physical effects for determining light absorption 289 6.12 Data on atmospheric light absorption 290 6.13 Influence of black carbon on cloud cover and global warming 291 6.13.1 The influence on clouds 291 6.13.2 Light-absorbing particles and global warming 291 6.14 Photophoresis 293 6.15 Health effects of black carbon particles 294 References 295 7 Neural networks for particle parameter retrieval by multi-angle light scattering 302 7.1 Introduction 302 7.2 Formation and training of neural networks 306 7.2.1 Multilayer perceptron neural networks 308 7.2.2 Radial basis function neural networks 311 7.2.3 High-order neural networks 313 7.2.4 Sequences of neural networks 314 7.3 Formation of training data and input signals 315 7.4 Testing of neural networks 316 7.4.1 Parameter retrieval by intensity of scattered radiation 316 7.4.2 Parameter retrieval by non-standardized intensities of scattered radiation 327 7.4.3 Parameter retrieval by experimental data of scanning cytometry: comparison with the fitting method 333 7.5 Absorbing particles 333 7.6 Sizing of soft spheroidal particles 339 7.7 Sizing of spheroidal and cylindrical particles in a binary mixture 343 7.8 Conclusion 346 Acknowledgments 348 References 348 Index 352 Front Matter....Pages I-XIV Front Matter....Pages 1-1 Polarization of light in the atmosphere and ocean....Pages 3-39 Recent developments in the use of light polarization for marine environment monitoring from space....Pages 41-84 Polarimetry in terrestrial applications....Pages 85-162 Modeling polarized solar radiation of the ocean–atmosphere system for satellite remote sensing applications....Pages 163-196 Front Matter....Pages 197-197 Vertical profiles of optical and microphysical characteristics of tropospheric aerosol from aircraft measurements....Pages 199-234 Light absorption in the atmosphere....Pages 235-289 Neural networks for particle parameter retrieval by multi-angle light scattering....Pages 291-340 Back Matter....Pages 341-344 This work is to continue the 'Light Scattering Reviews' series devoted to modern knowledge and milestones in both experimental and theoretical techniques related to light scattering and radiative transport problems. It gives a valuable picture of recent developments in the areas of multiple and single light scattering