Light Scattering from Microstructures: Lectures of the Summer School of Laredo, University of Cantabria, Held at Laredo, Spain, Sept.11-13, 1998 (Lecture Notes in Physics)

With a tutorial approach, this book covers the most impor- tant aspects of the scattering of electromagnetic radiation from structures (isolated or on a substrate) whose size is comparable to the incident wavelength. Special emphasis is placed on the electromagnetic problem of microstructures lo- cated close to an interface by reviewing the most important numerical methods for calculating the scattered field. The polarization propagation and the statistics of scattered in- tensity in microstructured targets are also presented from a didactic point of view. The final part of the book is dedi- cated to the most significant applications in both basic and applied research: surface enhanced Raman scattering, monito- ring and detection of surface contamination by particles, optical communications, particle sizing and others. 0534titl......Page 1 0534school......Page 5 0534pref......Page 6 0534toc......Page 8 05340001......Page 12 1 Electromagnetic Theory......Page 13 2 Isolated Regular Particles......Page 15 3.1 Integral Methods......Page 16 3.3 Discrete Dipole Approximation (DDA) Method......Page 17 3.4 Finite-Di erence Time-Domain (FDTD) Method......Page 19 4.2 Dipole Methods......Page 20 4.3 Mie Methods......Page 21 4.4 Integral Methods......Page 22 4.5 Other Methods......Page 23 References......Page 24 1 The Image Principle......Page 31 2 Heaviside Calculus......Page 33 3 Transmission-Line Theory......Page 34 4 Time-Harmonic Planar Problems......Page 37 5 Slightly Rough Interface......Page 40 6 Other Structures with Image Solutions......Page 43 Appendix: Table of Operations......Page 44 References......Page 46 1 Overview......Page 48 2 The Basic Physics......Page 49 3 Experimental Methods and the Photon Correlation Function......Page 51 4 Mean Particle Diameter, Polydispersity, and Higher-Order Moments......Page 53 5 Singular Value Decomposition and Exponential Sampling......Page 55 6 Removal of the Background......Page 57 7 The Primal Method of Mathematical Programming......Page 59 8 The Dual Problem and Its Solution......Page 62 9 Results......Page 64 10 Conclusions......Page 66 References......Page 67 1 Introduction......Page 69 2 Basic Transformation of Polarization......Page 70 3 Polar Decomposition of Pure Matrices......Page 73 4 Mueller Matrices for Incoherent Scattering......Page 76 5 Parallel Decomposition of Mueller Matrices......Page 78 7 Transmittance Condition......Page 80 8 Purity Criterion and Purity Index......Page 81 References......Page 83 1 Scattering System......Page 85 2 Field Expansions......Page 87 3 Incident Field......Page 88 4 Fields at the Spherical Interface......Page 90 5 Translation Addition Theorem......Page 92 6 Plane Interface......Page 95 7 Scattered Field......Page 97 8 Conclusion......Page 98 References......Page 100 1 Introduction......Page 101 2 Preliminaries......Page 103 3 Scattering from Perfectly Conducting Cylinders......Page 104 4 Generalization to Dielectric Cylinders......Page 108 5 General Incident Fields......Page 110 6 Applications......Page 112 References......Page 113 1 Introduction......Page 116 2 Geometry of the Scattering Problem......Page 117 3 Scattering by In nite Surfaces......Page 118 3.1 Notations and Mathematical Formulation of the Scattering Problem......Page 119 3.2 T-Operator Formalism......Page 120 4.1 Formal Solution for an Arbitrary Interface......Page 126 4.2 Exact Solution for a Plane Interface......Page 129 4.3 Approximate T-Matrix Method......Page 131 References......Page 135 1 Introduction......Page 136 2 Description of Model......Page 138 3 Simulation Results and Discussion......Page 145 4 Spatial, Angular, and Path-Length Histograms......Page 148 5 Summary and Conclusions......Page 152 Acknowledgments......Page 155 A Appendix: Scattering Geometry and Derivation of the Phase Function......Page 156 References......Page 158 1 Introduction......Page 160 2 Single Scattering......Page 162 3 Multiple Scattering......Page 167 4 Particle Characterization and Remote Sensing......Page 171 5 Acknowledgments......Page 173 References......Page 174 1 Introduction......Page 177 2 Gaussian and Non-gaussian Scattering......Page 178 3 Polarisation in the Random Walk Model......Page 180 4 Discussion of Theoretical Predictions......Page 182 5 Conclusions......Page 186 References......Page 187 1 Introduction......Page 188 2.1 Scattering Geometry......Page 189 2.2 The Perfect Conductor Approximation and the Image Theory......Page 191 3 Intensity Fluctuations. Non-interacting Particles......Page 192 4 Particle Interaction. A Simple Model......Page 194 5.1 Isotropic Scatterers......Page 198 5.2 Non-isotropic Scatterers......Page 203 6 Acknowledgments......Page 207 References......Page 208 1 Introduction......Page 209 2 EM Scattering Theory......Page 212 3 Fractal Surface Model......Page 214 4 Near EM Field......Page 215 5.1 Surface Roughness: Fractality and RMS Height......Page 219 5.2 Excitation Frequency: Ag, Au, Cu......Page 221 6 Far Field......Page 224 7 Concluding Remarks......Page 226 8 Perspectives......Page 227 References......Page 228 1 Introduction......Page 230 2.1 Numerical Modeling......Page 232 2.2 Experimental Measurements......Page 234 3.1 Internal Field Computation......Page 235 3.2 Far-Field Computation......Page 237 4.1 Feature Characterization/Dipole Moment Distribution Prediction......Page 240 4.2 Far-Field Prediction......Page 241 5 Conclusions......Page 242 References......Page 243 1 Introduction......Page 246 2 Scattering in Periodically Microstructured Materials......Page 247 3 Scattering from Photonic Crystal Fibres......Page 249 4 Design and Fabrication of Photonic Crystal Fibre Waveguides......Page 253 5 Waveguiding by Total Internal Re ection from an Effective Index Structure......Page 254 6 Band Gap Waveguiding......Page 256 7 Conclusions......Page 258 References......Page 259 1.1 Current Problems in Sonoluminescence......Page 261 1.2 Integral Equations for Light Scattering from Arbitrary Bodies......Page 264 2 Distribution of Radiated Light and Angular Correlations......Page 269 3 Conclusions......Page 274 References......Page 275 1 Introduction......Page 277 2.1 Double-Interaction Model and Shadowing E ects......Page 278 3 Application of the Model: A Particle Sizing Technique......Page 281 3.1 Results: General Expression for Oblique Incidence......Page 282 3.2 Tracking the Minima......Page 285 3.3 Polydisperse Samples......Page 287 5 Acknowledgments......Page 291 References......Page 292 In this text we present a technical overview of the emerging field of quantum computation along with new research results by the authors. What distinguishes our presentation from that of others is our focus on the relationship between quantum computation and computer science. Specifically, our emphasis is on the computational model of quantum computingrather than on the engineering issues associated with its physical implementation. We adopt this approach for the same reason that a book on computer programming doesn't cover the theory and physical realization of semiconductors. Another distinguishing feature of this text is our detailed discussion of the circuit complexity of quantum algorithms. To the extent possible we have presented the material in a form that is accessible to the computer scientist, but in many cases we retain the conventional physics notation so that the reader will also be able to consult the relevant quantum computing literature. Although we expect the reader tohave a solid understanding of linear algebra, we do not assume a background in physics. This text is based on lectures given as short courses and invited presentations around the world, and it has been used as the primary text for a graduatecourse at George Mason University. In all these cases our challenge has been the same: how to present to a generalaudience a concise introduction to the algorithmic structure and applications of quantum computing on an extremely short period of time. The feedback from these courses and presentations has greatly aided in making our exposition of challenging concepts more accessible to a general audience. Table of Contents: Introduction / The Algorithmic Structure of Quantum Computing / Advantages and Limitations of Quantum Computing / Amplitude Amplification / Case Study: Computational Geometry / The Quantum Fourier Transform / Case Study: The Hidden Subgroup / Circuit Complexity Analysis of Quantum Algorithms / Conclusions / Bibliography The algorithmic structure of quantum computing Understanding quantum algorithmics Quantum computing property #1 Quantum computing property #2 Quantum computing property #3 Quantum computing property #4 Quantum computing property #5 Quantum computing property #6 Quantum computing property #7 Quantum computing property #8 Summary Advantages and limitations of quantum computing Quantum computability Classical and quantum complexity classes Advantages and disadvantages of the quantum computational model Hybrid computing The QRAM architecture Algorithmic considerations Quantum algorithm design Quantum building blocks Summary Amplitude amplification Quantum search Quantum oracles Searching data in a quantum register Grover's algorithm Generalized quantum search Grover's algorithm with multiple solutions Further applications of amplitude amplification Summary Case study: computational geometry General spatial search problems QMOS for object-object intersection identification QMOS for batch intersection identification Quantum rendering Z-buffering Ray tracing Radiosity Level of detail Summary The quantum Fourier transform The classical Fourier transform The quantum Fourier transform Matrix representation Circuit representation Computational complexity Algorithmic restrictions Normalization Initialization Output Summary Case study: the hidden subgroup Phase estimation Period finding The hidden subgroup problem Quantum cryptoanalysis Summary Circuit complexity analysis of quantum algorithms Quantum parallelism Algorithmic equity assumptions Classical and quantum circuit complexity analysis Comparing classical and quantum algorithms Summary Conclusions. In this text we present a technical overview of the emerging field of quantum computation along with new research results by the authors. What distinguishes our presentation from that of others is our focus on the relationship between quantum computation and computer science. Specifically, our emphasis is on the computational model of quantum computing rather than on the engineering issues associated with its physical implementation. We adopt this approach for the same reason that a book on computer programming doesn't cover the theory and physical realization of semiconductors. Another distinguishing feature of this text is our detailed discussion of the circuit complexity of quantum algorithms. To the extent possible we have presented the material in a form that is accessible to the computer scientist, but in many cases we retain the conventional physics notation so that the reader will also be able to consult the relevant quantum computing literature. Although we expect the reader to have a solid understanding of linear algebra, we do not assume a background in physics. This text is based on lectures given as short courses and invited presentations around the world, and it has been used as the primary text for a graduate course at George Mason University. In all these cases our challenge has been the same : how to present to a general audience a concise introduction to the algorithmic structure and applications of quantum computing on an extremely short period of time. The feedback from these courses and presentations has greatly aided in making our exposition of challenging concepts more accessible to a general audience The classical phenomenon of light scattering is one of the most studied t- ics in light-matter interaction and, even today, involves some controversial issues. A present focus of interest for many researchers is the possibility of obtaining information about microstructures, for example surface roughness, and the size, shape and optical properties of particles by means of a n- invasive technique such as the illumination of these objects with light. One of their main tasks is to extract the relevant information from a detailed study of the scattered radiation. This includes: measurement of the light intensity in di erent directions, analysis of its polarization, determination of its stat- tics,etc. Contributionstoresolvingthisproblemareimportantnotonlyfrom the point of view of increasing basic knowledge but also in their applications to several elds of industry and technology. Consider, for example, the pos- bility of distinguishing between di erent types of atmospheric contaminants, biological contaminants in our blood, the detection of microdefects in the manufacturing of semiconductors, magnetic discs and optical components, or the development of biological sensors. During the period September 11-13, 1998, we brought together a group of international experts on light scattering at the Summer School of Laredo at the University of Cantabria. In a series of one-hour lectures, they discussed currentaspectsoflightscatteringfrommicrostructureswithspecialemphasis on recent applications. The present book condenses those lectures into ve parts. Annotation With a tutorial approach, this book covers the most important aspects of the scattering of electromagnetic radiation from structures (isolated or on a substrate) whose size is comparable to the incident wavelength. Special emphasis is placed on the electromagnetic problem of microstructures located close to an interface by reviewing the most important numerical methods for calculating the scattered field. The polarization propagation and the statistics of scattered intensity in microstructured targets are also presented from a didactic point of view. The final part of the book is dedicated to the most significant applications in both basic and applied research: surface enhanced Raman scattering, monitoring and detection of surface contamination by particles, optical communications, particle sizing and others

With a tutorial approach, this book covers the most important aspects of the scattering of electromagnetic radiation from structures (isolated or on a substrate) whose size is comparable to the incident wavelength. Special emphasis is placed on the electromagnetic problem of microstructures located close to an interface by reviewing the most important numerical methods for calculating the scattered field. The polarization propagation and the statistics of scattered intensity in microstructured targets are also presented from a didactic point of view. The final part of the book is dedicated to the most significant applications in both basic and applied research: surface enhanced Raman scattering, monitoring and detection of surface contamination by particles, optical communications, particle sizing and others.

Marco Lanzagorta, Jeffrey Uhlmann. This Volume Is A Printed Version Of A Work That Appears In Synthesis, The Digital Library Of Engineering And Computer Science--p. [4] Of Cover. Includes Bibliographical References (p. 103-107). When electromagnetic radiation interacts with microstructures (either isolated or located on a surface) whose size is of the order of the incident wavelength, scattered radiation can be detected in all directions.