Lexical and Syntactical Constructions and the Construction of Meaning : Proceedings of the Bi-annual ICLA [i.e. ICLC] Meeting in Albuquerque, July 1995

'The basic tenet of cognitive linguistics is that every linguistic expression is a construal relation. The first section of this volume focuses on issues of such construal and presentation of information, including figure-ground relations, image-schematic structures, and the role of syntactic constructions in information structure. In sections two and three papers are presented on cross-categorial polysemy between lexical and grammatical uses of a morpheme, and between different grammatical senses, and on the relationship between earlier lexical senses and later grammatical ones. The final section of the volume brings together studies which shed further light on transitivity and argument structure. The study of transitivity necessarily entails exploration of the relationship between syntactic constructions and the pragmatics and semantics conveyed by such constructions. As a whole, this collection of papers gives new evidence on the complexity and motivation of the mapping between linguistic form and function and offers a wealth of new directions for research on the construction of meaning at every level of the sentence.' CILT 150 LEXICAL AND SYNTACTICAL CONSTRUCTIONS AND THE CONSTRUCTION OF MEANING 2 Editorial page 3 Title page 4 Copyright page 5 Table of contents 6 Acknowledgements 10 Introduction 12 Part I: Image Schemas and Construal Relations 14 Some Properties and Groupings of Image Schemas 16 1. Introduction 16 2. Shared Properties of Image Schemas 17 3. Categories of Image Schemas 22 4. Conclusion 26 Endnotes 27 References 27 Construal Transformations:Internal and External Viewpoints in Interpreting Containment 30 1. Image Schemas, Viewpoints and Transformations 30 2. Vantage-Shifting Transformations 32 3. Tracing Polysemy to Internal-Viewpoint Transformations 37 4. Opened Containers and Weakly Internal Viewpoints 41 5. Further Topics 42 Endnotes 42 References 45 The Role of Figure, Ground, and Coercion in Aspectual Interpretation 46 1. Introduction 46 2. Theoretical Preliminaries 47 3. English Converbs: Free Adjunct Participials 50 4. Converbs in Japanese: The Case of nagara Clauses 55 5. The Generality of Figure-Ground Alignment: Japanese -te 59 6. Conclusion 61 Endnotes 62 References 62 Verb-First Constructions in German 64 1. Introduction 64 2. The General V-First Construction 65 3. Yes-No Questions 68 4. Imperative Sentences 70 5. Exclamative Sentences 71 6. Optative Sentences 73 7. Hortative Sentences 74 8. V-First Constructions in Conditionals and Short Fiction 75 9. Conclusion 78 Endnotes 80 References 80 The Mental Manipulation of the Vertical Axis: How to go from "up" to out", or from "above" to "behind" 82 1. Introduction 82 2. Image-Schematic Variation and the Vertical Axis Category 82 3. The Usage of Vertical Expressions to refer to Nonvertical Relations 88 4. Summary and Concluding Remarks 97 Endnotes 99 References 100 A Prosodic / Pragmatic Explanation for Word Order Variation in ASL with Typological Implications 102 1. Information Packaging Perspective 103 2. Interaction of Information Flow, Prosody, and Word Order 103 3. How ASL Differs from English and Catalan 106 4. Typological Implications 111 Acknowledgments 113 Endnotes 113 References 114 Part II: Grammatical Morphemes versus Lexical Units 118 Japanese ni: The Particulars of a somewhat Contradictory Particle 120 1. Introduction 120 2. Previous Analyses of Ni 121 3. The Grammaticalization of Ni 122 4. Conclusion 135 Endnotes 138 References 139 Observations on Wanka Quechua Conjecture Marking and Subjectification 142 1. Introduction 142 2. Background 142 3. -Chr(a)'s Range of Meanings 147 4. Conclusion 157 Abbreviations 158 Endnotes 158 References 159 Implementation of the FIGURE-GROUND Distinction in Polish 162 1. The FIGURE-GROUND Scale 162 2. History of ŭ-sterm Endings and FIGURE-GROUND 163 3. Polish Npl -owie (as opposed to Npl -i/(-y) and -y/(-i)) 166 4. Polish Gsg -u (as opposed to Gsg -a) 167 5. Conclusion 172 Endnotes 173 References 174 Genitives and von-Dativesin German: A Case of free Variation? 178 1. Are the Genitive and the von-Prepositional Phrase really free Variants? 181 2. Syntactic Variation and Iconicity 191 3. Conclusion 193 Endnotes 194 References 197 Two-way Prepositions in German: Image and Constraints 200 1. Introduction: Two Approaches to Case Meaning 200 2. Two-ways Prepositions: A Radial Network 201 3. Discussion of the Network 207 4. Interpretation through Image Schemas: The CONTAINER Schema 208 5. Conclusions 216 References 217 Part III: Grammaticalization Processes 218 The Conventional Association of a Lexeme with a Metaphor: The Case of the Wolof Verb fekk-e 220 1. The Central Question and the Semantics of fekk and fekk-e 220 2 The Proposal 226 3. Different Uses of fekk and a Different Path of Semantic Extension 236 4. Conclusions 240 Endnotes 240 References 241 Conceptual Blending: The Afrikaans Verbs doen 'do' andmaak 'make' 244 1. Introduction 244 2. The Category which doen 'do' belongs to 244 3. The Category which maak 'make' belongs to 252 4. Concluding Remarks on the Meanings of doen 'do' and maak 'make' 257 Endnotes 258 References 259 The Spanish Copulas SER and ESTAR 260 1. Traditional Approaches 261 2. An Alternative Analysis 265 3. Conclusion 275 Endnotes 282 References 282 Sources 283 The English Tense-System as an Epistemic Category: The Case of Futurity 284 1. Introduction: Tense and Modality in Cognitive Grammar 284 2. The Expression of Futurity in English: A first Approximation 286 3. Empirical Analysis of the WILL-Category 287 4. Conclusions: The Compatibility of Temporal and Epistemic Assessments 296 Endnotes 297 References 298 From Attribution/Purpose to Cause: Image Schema and Grammaticalization of Some Cause Markers in Japanese 300 1. Image-Schematic Properties in Semantic Changes 300 2. Ni-yotte: From Motion to Attribution to Cause 304 3. Tame: From Purpose to Cause 307 4. Discussion 311 5. Conclusion 314 Endnotes 314 References 316 Appendix 319 Part IV: Degrees of Transitivity 322 Reflexive Markers in Polish: Participants, Metaphors, and Constructions 324 1. Referents, Roles, and Participants: One or two? 326 2. Light Reflexive Markers and Generic Constructions 331 3. Reflexives and Perfective Aspect 334 4. Heavy Reflexive Markers and some Metaphors of the Self 336 Acknowledgements 338 Endnotes 338 References 339 Transitivity and the Incorporation of Ground Information in Japanese Path Verbs 342 1. Introduction 342 2. The two Types of Path Verbs 342 3. Basic Semantic Representations of the two Types of Verbs 343 4. Syntactic Behavior of the two Classes of Verbs 348 5. Transitivity of the Ground Path Verbs: Where does the -o marking come from? 354 6. Conclusion 357 Endnotes 358 References 358 The Samoan Transitive Suffix as an Inverse Marker 360 1. Introduction 360 2. Ina vs. Cia 360 3. Basic Samoan Clauses 361 4. The ina Suffix and Changes in Grammatical Relations 361 5. The Semantics of the Agent 363 6. Word Order Reversals 367 7. Negativity 368 8. Stativity 370 9.Switch Reference 371 10. Summary and Conclusion 371 11. Ina: The Product of Phonological Inversion 372 Endnotes 372 References 373 The Transitive-Ergative Interplay and the Conception of the World: A Case Study 376 1. Introduction 376 2. Lexical and Constructional Variation in Modern English 376 3. Ergativization of abort in Early Modern English 384 4. Transitivization of abort in Modern English 388 5. Conclusion 393 Endnotes 393 References 394 The Relationships between Verbs and Constructions 396 1. Introduction 396 2. Constructional Semantics 396 3. Relating Verb and Construction 399 4. Conclusion 408 Endnotes 409 References 410 German Impersonal Passives 412 1. Literature Review 412 2. Setting-Subject Construction 415 3. Impersonal Passive Constructions 417 4. Transitivity and Volitionality 420 5. Commands 424 6. Conclusion 427 Endnotes 427 References 428 An Account of Implicit Complement Control in English and German 430 1. Introduction 430 2. Implicit Control 433 3. Conclusion 443 Endnotes 444 References 444 Predicate Adjuncts and Subjectification 446 0. Introduction 446 1. Resultative constructions with action verbs 447 2. Predicate Adjunct Constructions with Assessment Verbs 449 3. Metonymic Mapping of CAUSE Element 452 4. BECOME Subjectified 458 6. Conclusion 461 References 462 Index 464 The series Current Issues in Linguistic Theory 468