Lewis's Medical-Surgical Nursing Australia and New Zealand Edition

Front Cover Lewis‘s Medical-Surgical Nursing: Assessment and Management of Clinical Problems Copyright Page Table of Contents Navigate the text by colour Text structure Preface Acknowledgements Contributors Reviewers Section 1: Concepts in nursing practice Chapter 1. The importance of nursing The evolution of nursing as an essential service in Australia and New Zealand Definitions of nursing Key aspects of nursing practice Multidisciplinary teamwork Influences on professional nursing practice Patient-centred care Informatics and technology Evidence-based practice Coordinating care between healthcare team members Conclusion REVIEW QUESTIONS REFERENCES RESOURCES Chapter 2. Patient safety and clinical reasoning: Thinking like a nurse Patient safety Clinical reasoning What role can nurses play in improving practice? REVIEW QUESTIONS REFERENCES RESOURCES Chapter 3. Health disparities and cultural care Social determinants of health HEALTH DISPARITIES AND HEALTH EQUITY WHAT IS CULTURE, AND WHY DOES IT MATTER IN HEALTHCARE? Cultural care and health services Cultural diversity in the healthcare workplace Cultural–social factors that may affect health and healthcare REVIEW QUESTIONS REFERENCES RESOURCES Chapter 4. Pain management Magnitude of the pain problem Definitions and dimensions of pain Classification of pain Pain assessment Pain treatment Institutionalising pain education and management Ethical issues in pain management Managing pain in special populations REVIEW QUESTIONS REFERENCES RESOURCES Chapter 5. Palliative care Introduction A brief history Palliative care definitions Palliative care and nursing Palliative care contexts Identifying transitions of care Physical symptoms at the end of life Psychosocial symptoms at the end of life Culturally competent palliative care Spiritually appropriate palliative care Legal issues influential in palliative care Standards and guidelines for palliative care practice Special needs of carers in palliative care REFERENCES RESOURCES Chapter 6. Substance use and dependency Overview of addictive behaviours COMMON DRUGS OF ABUSE: STIMULANTS Nicotine Cocaine Amphetamines Caffeine COMMON DRUGS OF ABUSE: DEPRESSANTS Alcohol Sedatives Opioids Cannabis Hallucinogens Inhalants (solvents) REVIEW QUESTIONS REFERENCES RESOURCES Chapter 7. Rural and remote area nursing Introduction Definitions of rural and remote areas Remote area and rural nursing History of remote area healthcare services in Australia Māori health in New Zealand Health definitions and determinants Primary Health Care approach Characteristics of remote area and rural nursing Advanced practice Collaborative practice Professional support for rural and remote area nurses Remote area nurse model of consultation Rewards of working in rural and remote area nursing Education pathways for remote and rural nurses Future of remote area and rural nursing REVIEW QUESTIONS REFERENCES RESOURCES Section 2: Pathophysiological mechanisms of disease CHAPTER 8. NURSING MANAGEMENT: Inflammation and wound healing Inflammatory response Healing process Pressure injuries REVIEW QUESTIONS REFERENCES RESOURCES Chapter 9. Genetics and genomics Genetics and genomics Genetic disorders Genetic testing Pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics Gene therapy REVIEW QUESTIONS REFERENCES RESOURCES Chapter 10. Altered immune responses and transplantation Normal immune response Altered immune response Allergic disorders Autoimmunity Immunodeficiency disorders Human leucocyte antigen system Organ transplantation Stem cell therapy Graft-versus-host disease REVIEW QUESTIONS REFERENCES RESOURCES Chapter 11. NURSING MANAGEMENT: Infection and human immunodeficiency virus infection INFECTIONS Types of pathogens Infection prevention and control HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION REVIEW QUESTIONS REFERENCES RESOURCES Chapter 12. Cancer Biology of cancer Classification of cancer Prevention and early detection of cancer Diagnosis of cancer MULTIDISCIPLINARY CARE Surgical therapy Prevention Chemotherapy Radiation therapy Haematopoietic growth factors Haematopoietic stem cell transplantation Gene therapy COMPLICATIONS RESULTING FROM CANCER Cancer pain Psychological support Cancer survivorship Culturally competent care REVIEW QUESTIONS REFERENCES RESOURCES RESOURCES Chapter 13. NURSING MANAGEMENT: Fluid, electrolyte and acid–base imbalances Homeostasis Water content of the body Electrolytes Mechanisms controlling fluid and electrolyte movement Fluid movement in capillaries Fluid spacing Regulation of water balance FLUID AND ELECTROLYTE IMBALANCES Extracellular fluid volume imbalances Sodium imbalances Potassium imbalances Calcium imbalances Phosphate imbalances Magnesium imbalances Acid–base imbalances Assessment of fluid, electrolyte and acid–base imbalances Oral fluid and electrolyte replacement Intravenous fluid and electrolyte replacement Central venous access devices REVIEW QUESTIONS REFERENCES RESOURCES Section 3: Perioperative care Chapter 14. NURSING MANAGEMENT: Preoperative care Surgical settings Patient interview Nursing assessment of the preoperative patient Culturally competent care REVIEW QUESTIONS REFERENCES RESOURCES Chapter 15. NURSING MANAGEMENT: Intraoperative care Infection control and physical environment of the operating suite Surgical team Anaesthesia Catastrophic events in the operating room Future considerations REVIEW QUESTIONS REFERENCES RESOURCES Chapter 16. NURSING MANAGEMENT: Postoperative care IMMEDIATE POSTOPERATIVE CARE OF THE SURGICAL PATIENT Staffing the PARU Fast-tracking Postanaesthesia recovery unit admission Potential alterations in respiratory function Potential alterations in cardiovascular function Potential alterations in neurological function Pain and discomfort Potential alterations in thermoregulation Alterations in gastrointestinal function: Nausea and vomiting Surgical-specific care of the patient in the PARU Discharge from the PARU CARE OF THE POSTOPERATIVE PATIENT IN THE CLINICAL UNIT/INPATIENT WARD Potential alterations in respiratory function Potential alterations in cardiovascular function Potential alterations in urinary function Potential alterations in gastrointestinal function Potential alterations of the integument Pain and discomfort Potential alterations in temperature Potential alterations in neurological and psychological function REVIEW QUESTIONS REFERENCES RESOURCES Section 4: Problems related to altered sensory input Chapter 17. NURSING ASSESSMENT: Visual and auditory systems VISUAL SYSTEM Assessment of the visual system Diagnostic studies of the visual system AUDITORY SYSTEM Assessment of the auditory system Diagnostic studies of the auditory system REVIEW QUESTIONS REFERENCES RESOURCES Chapter 18. NURSING MANAGEMENT: Visual and auditory problems VISUAL PROBLEMS Correctable refractive errors Uncorrectable visual impairment Eye trauma EXTRAOCULAR DISORDERS Inflammation and infection Dry eye disorders Strabismus Corneal disorders INTRAOCULAR DISORDERS Cataract Retinopathy Retinal detachment Age-related macular degeneration Glaucoma Intraocular inflammation and infection Ocular tumours Enucleation, eviseration and exenteration Ocular symptoms of systemic diseases AUDITORY PROBLEMS EXTERNAL EAR AND CANAL Trauma Otitis externa Cerumen and foreign bodies in the external ear canal Malignancy of the external ear MIDDLE EAR AND MASTOID Otitis media Otosclerosis INNER EAR PROBLEMS Ménière’s disease Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo Acoustic neuroma Hearing loss and deafness REVIEW QUESTIONS REFERENCES RESOURCES Chapter 19. NURSING ASSESSMENT: Integumentary system Structures and functions of theskin and appendages Assessment of the integumentary system Diagnostic studies of the integumentary system REVIEW QUESTIONS REFERENCES RESOURCES Chapter 20. NURSING MANAGEMENT: Integumentary problems Health promotion MALIGNANT SKIN NEOPLASMS Risk factors Non-melanoma skin cancers Malignant melanoma Skin infections and infestations Allergic dermatological problems Benign dermatological problems Diseases with dermatological symptoms Multidisciplinary care of dermatological problems Cosmetic procedures Skin grafts REVIEW QUESTIONS REFERENCES RESOURCES Chapter 21. NURSING MANAGEMENT: Burns Types of burn injury Classification of burn injury PHASES OF BURN MANAGEMENT Prehospital care Emergent phase Acute phase Rehabilitation phase Emotional/psychological needs of patients and carers Special needs of nurses REVIEW QUESTIONS REFERENCES RESOURCES Section 5: Problems of oxygenation: Ventilation Chapter 22. NURSING ASSESSMENT: Respiratory system Structures and functions of therespiratory system Assessment of the respiratory system Diagnostic studies of the respiratory system REVIEW QUESTIONS REFERENCES RESOURCES Chapter 23. NURSING MANAGEMENT: Upper respiratory problems PROBLEMS OF THE NOSE AND PARANASAL SINUSES Deviated septum Nasal fracture Rhinoplasty Epistaxis Allergic rhinitis Acute viral rhinitis Influenza Sinusitis OBSTRUCTION OF THE NOSE AND SINUSES Nasal polyps Foreign bodies PROBLEMS OF THE PHARYNX Acute pharyngitis Peritonsillar abscess PROBLEMS OF THE TRACHEA AND LARYNX Airway obstruction Tracheostomy Laryngeal polyps Head and neck cancer REVIEW QUESTIONS REFERENCES RESOURCES Chapter 24. NURSING MANAGEMENT: Lower respiratory problems LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS Acute bronchitis Pertussis Pneumonia Tuberculosis Atypical mycobacteria Pulmonary fungal infections Lung abscess Environmental lung diseases LUNG CANCER Other types of lung tumours CHEST TRAUMA AND THORACIC INJURIES Pneumothorax Fractured ribs Flail chest Chest tubes and pleural drainage Chest surgery RESTRICTIVE RESPIRATORY DISORDERS Bronchiectasis Pleural effusion Pleurisy Atelectasis INTERSTITIAL LUNG DISEASES Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis Sarcoidosis VASCULAR LUNG DISORDERS Pulmonary oedema Pulmonary embolism PULMONARY HYPERTENSION Idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension Secondary pulmonary arterial hypertension Cor pulmonale LUNG TRANSPLANTATION REVIEW QUESTIONS REFERENCES RESOURCES Chapter 25. NURSING MANAGEMENT: Obstructive pulmonary diseases Asthma Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Cystic fibrosis Bronchiectasis REVIEW QUESTIONS REFERENCES RESOURCES Section 6: Problems of oxygenation: Transport Chapter 26. NURSING ASSESSMENT: Haematological system Structures and functions of the haematological system Assessment of the haematological system Diagnostic studies of the haematological system REVIEW QUESTIONS REFERENCES RESOURCES Chapter 27. NURSING MANAGEMENT: Haematological problems ANAEMIA ANAEMIA CAUSED BY DECREASED ERYTHROCYTE PRODUCTION Iron-deficiency anaemia Thalassaemia Megaloblastic anaemias Anaemia of chronic disease Aplastic anaemia ANAEMIA CAUSED BY BLOOD LOSS Acute blood loss Chronic blood loss ANAEMIA CAUSED BY INCREASED ERYTHROCYTE DESTRUCTION Sickle cell disease Diagnostic studies Acquired haemolytic anaemia OTHER RED BLOOD CELL DISORDERS Haemochromatosis Polycythaemia Secondary polycythaemia PROBLEMS OF HAEMOSTASIS Thrombocytopenia Haemophilia and von Willebrand disease Disseminated intravascular coagulation Neutropenia Myelodysplastic syndrome Leukaemia LYMPHOMAS Hodgkin’s lymphoma Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma Disorders of the spleen Selected blood cell component therapy REVIEW QUESTIONS REFERENCES RESOURCES Section 7: Problems of oxygenation: Perfusion Chapter 28. NURSING ASSESSMENT: Cardiovascular system Structures and functions of the cardiovascular system Assessment of the cardiovascular system Diagnostic studies of the cardiovascular system REVIEW QUESTIONS REFERENCES RESOURCES Chapter 29. NURSING MANAGEMENT: Hypertension Normal regulation of blood pressure Hypertension Hypertensive crisis REVIEW QUESTIONS REFERENCES RESOURCES Chapter 30. NURSING MANAGEMENT: Coronary artery disease andacute coronary syndrome CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE Risk factors for coronary artery disease ANGINA ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME SUDDEN CARDIAC DEATH REVIEW QUESTIONS REFERENCES RESOURCES Chapter 31. NURSING MANAGEMENT: Heart failure Heart failure Cardiac transplantation REVIEW QUESTIONS REFERENCES RESOURCES Chapter 32. NURSING MANAGEMENT: ECG monitoring and arrhythmias Rhythm identification andtreatment ECG changes associated with acute coronary syndrome Syncope REVIEW QUESTIONS REFERENCES RESOURCES Chapter 33. NURSING MANAGEMENT: Inflammatory and structural heart disorders INFLAMMATORY DISORDERS OF THE HEART Infective endocarditis Acute pericarditis Chronic constrictive pericarditis Myocarditis Rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease VALVULAR HEART DISEASE Mitral valve stenosis Mitral valve regurgitation Mitral valve prolapse Aortic valve stenosis Aortic valve regurgitation Tricuspid and pulmonic valve disease CARDIOMYOPATHY Dilated cardiomyopathy Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy Restrictive cardiomyopathy REVIEW QUESTIONS REFERENCES RESOURCES Chapter 34. NURSING MANAGEMENT: Vascular disorders PERIPHERAL ARTERY DISEASE Peripheral artery disease of the lower extremities Acute arterial ischaemic disorders Thromboangiitis obliterans Raynaud’s phenomenon AORTIC ANEURYSMS Aortic dissection VENOUS DISORDERS Phlebitis Venous thrombosis Varicose veins Chronic venous insufficiency and venous leg ulcers REVIEW QUESTIONS REFERENCES RESOURCES Section 8: Problems of ingestion, digestion, absorption and elimination Chapter 35. NURSING ASSESSMENT: Gastrointestinal system Assessment of the gastrointestinal system Diagnostic studies of the gastrointestinal system REVIEW QUESTIONS REFERENCES RESOURCES Chapter 36. NURSING MANAGEMENT: Nutritional problems Nutritional problems Normal nutrition Special diet: Vegetarian diet Culturally competent care Malnutrition Types of specialised nutritional support Eating disorders REVIEW QUESTIONS REFERENCES RESOURCES Chapter 37. NURSING MANAGEMENT: Obesity Obesity Health risks associated with obesity Multidisciplinary care Surgical therapy Metabolic syndrome REVIEW QUESTIONS REFERENCES RESOURCES Chapter 38. NURSING MANAGEMENT: Upper gastrointestinal problems Nausea and vomiting Oral inflammation andinfections Oral cancer OESOPHAGEAL DISORDERSG Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease Hiatus hernia Oesophageal cancer Other oesophageal disorders DISORDERS OF THE STOMACH AND UPPER SMALL INTESTINE Gastritis Peptic ulcer disease Stomach cancer Upper gastrointestinal bleeding Food-borne illness REVIEW QUESTIONS REFERENCES RESOURCES Chapter 39. NURSING MANAGEMENT: Lower gastrointestinal problems Diarrhoea Faecal incontinence Constipation Acute abdominal pain CHRONIC ABDOMINAL PAIN Irritable bowel syndrome Abdominal trauma INFLAMMATORY DISORDERS Appendicitis Peritonitis Gastroenteritis Inflammatory bowel disease Intestinal obstruction Polyps of the large intestine Colorectal cancer Ostomy surgery Diverticulosis and diverticulitis Hernias MALABSORPTION SYNDROME Coeliac disease Lactase deficiency Short bowel syndrome Gastrointestinal stromal tumours ANORECTAL PROBLEMS Haemorrhoids Anal fissure Anorectal abscess Anal fistula Anal cancer Pilonidal sinus REVIEW QUESTIONS REFERENCES RESOURCES Chapter 40. NURSING MANAGEMENT: Liver, pancreas and biliary tract problems DISORDERS OF THE LIVER Hepatitis Drug- and chemical-induced liverdiseases Autoimmune, genetic and metabolic diseases Cirrhosis Acute liver failure Liver cancer (hepatocellular cancer) Liver transplantation DISORDERS OF THE PANCREAS Acute pancreatitis Chronic pancreatitis Pancreatic cancer DISORDERS OF THE BILIARY TRACT Gall-bladder cancer REVIEW QUESTIONS REFERENCES RESOURCES Section 9. Problems of urinary function Chapter 41. NURSING ASSESSMENT: Urinary system Structures and functions of the urinary system Assessment of the urinary system Diagnostic studies of the urinary system REVIEW QUESTIONS REFERENCES RESOURCES Chapter 42. NURSING MANAGEMENT: Renal and urological problems INFECTIOUS AND INFLAMMATORY DISORDERS OF THE URINARY SYSTEM Urinary tract infection Acute pyelonephritis Chronic pyelonephritis Urethritis Urethral diverticula Interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome IMMUNOLOGICAL DISORDERS OF THE KIDNEY Glomerulonephritis Nephrotic syndrome OBSTRUCTIVE UROPATHIES Urinary tract calculi Strictures RENAL TRAUMA RENAL VASCULAR PROBLEMS Nephrosclerosis Renal artery stenosis Renal vein thrombosis HEREDITARY KIDNEY DISEASES Polycystic kidney disease Medullary cystic disease Alport’s syndrome URINARY TRACT TUMOURS Kidney cancer Bladder cancer BLADDER DYSFUNCTION Urinary incontinence Urinary retention CATHETERISATION Indications for and complications of catheterisation Catheter construction Types of catheters SURGERY OF THE URINARY TRACT Renal and ureteral surgery Urinary diversion REVIEW QUESTIONS REFERENCES RESOURCES Chapter 43. NURSING MANAGEMENT: Acute kidney injury and chronic kidney disease Acute kidney injury Chronic kidney disease DIALYSIS General principles of dialysis Peritoneal dialysis Haemodialysis Continuous renal replacement therapy Kidney transplantation REVIEW QUESTIONS REFERENCES RESOURCES Section 10: Problems related to regulatory and reproductive mechanisms Chapter 44. NURSING ASSESSMENT: Endocrine system Structures and functions of the endocrine system Assessment of the endocrine system Diagnostic studies of the endocrine system REVIEW QUESTIONS REFERENCES RESOURCES Chapter 45. NURSING MANAGEMENT: Diabetes mellitus DIABETES MELLITUS Normal insulin metabolism Type 1 diabetes mellitus Type 2 diabetes mellitus Prediabetes Gestational diabetes Secondary diabetes Glucose-lowering agents ACUTE COMPLICATIONS OFDIABETES MELLITUS Diabetic ketoacidosis Hyperosmolar hyperglycaemic syndrome Hypoglycaemia CHRONIC COMPLICATIONS OF DIABETES MELLITUS Angiopathy Nephropathy Neuropathy Complications of feet and lower extremities Integumentary complications Infection Psychological considerations REVIEW QUESTIONS REFERENCES RESOURCES Chapter 46. NURSING MANAGEMENT: Endocrine problems DISORDERS OF THE ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND Acromegaly Excesses of other trophic hormones Hypofunction of pituitary gland DISORDERS OF THE POSTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone Diabetes insipidus DISORDERS OF THE THYROID GLAND Goitre Thyroiditis Hyperthyroidism Hypothyroidism Thyroid nodules and cancer Multiple endocrine neoplasia DISORDERS OF THE PARATHYROID GLANDS Hyperparathyroidism Hypoparathyroidism DISORDERS OF THE ADRENAL CORTEX Cushing’s syndrome Adrenocortical insufficiency Corticosteroid therapy Hyperaldosteronism DISORDERS OF THE ADRENAL MEDULLA Phaeochromocytoma REVIEW QUESTIONS REFERENCES RESOURCES Chapter 47 URSING ASSESSMENT: Reproductive system Structures and functions of the male and female reproductive systems Assessment of male and female reproductive systems Diagnostic studies of reproductive systems REVIEW QUESTIONS REFERENCES RESOURCES Chapter 48. NURSING MANAGEMENT: Breast disorders Assessment of breast disorders BENIGN BREAST DISORDERS Mastalgia Breast infections Fibrocystic changes Fibroadenoma Nipple discharge Gynaecomastia in men BREAST CANCER Culturally competent care Mammoplasty REVIEW QUESTIONS REFERENCES RESOURCES Chapter 49. NURSING MANAGEMENT: Sexually transmitted infections Sexually transmitted infections BACTERIAL INFECTIONS Gonorrhoea Syphilis Chlamydial infections Genital warts REVIEW QUESTIONS REFERENCES RESOURCES Chapter 50. NURSING MANAGEMENT: Female reproductive problems Infertility Abortion PROBLEMS RELATED TO MENSTRUATION Premenstrual syndrome Dysmenorrhoea Abnormal vaginal bleeding Ectopic pregnancy Perimenopause and postmenopause Culturally competent care: Menopause CONDITIONS OF THE VULVA, VAGINA AND CERVIX Pelvic inflammatory disease Chronic pelvic pain Endometriosis BENIGN TUMOURS OF THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM Leiomyomas Leiomyomas Leiomyomas Cervical polyps Benign ovarian tumours CANCERS OF THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM Cervical cancer Endometrial cancer Ovarian cancer Vaginal cancer Vulvar cancer Surgical procedures: Femaler eproductive system Radiation therapy: Cancers of the female reproductive syste PROBLEMS WITH PELVIC SUPPORT Uterine prolapse Cystocoele and rectocoele Fistula Sexual assault REVIEW QUESTIONS REFERENCES RESOURCES Chapter 51. NURSING MANAGEMENT: Male reproductive problems PROBLEMS OF THE PROSTATE GLAND Benign prostatic hyperplasia Prostate cancer Prostate cancer Prostatitis PROBLEMS OF THE PENIS Congenital problems Problems of the prepuce Problems of the erectile mechanism Cancer of the penis PROBLEMS OF THE SCROTUM AND TESTES Inflammatory and infectious problems Congenital problems Acquired problems Testicular cancer SEXUAL FUNCTION Vasectomy Erectile dysfunction Androgen deficiency syndrome (andropause) Infertility REVIEW QUESTIONS REFERENCES RESOURCES Section 11. Problems related to movement and coordination Chapter 52. NURSING ASSESSMENT: Nervous system Structures and functions of the nervous system Assessment of the nervous system Diagnostic studies of the nervous system REVIEW QUESTIONS REFERENCES RESOURCES Chapter 53. NURSING MANAGEMENT: Acute intracranial problems Intracranial pressure Increased intracranial pressure Head injury Brain tumours Cranial surgery INFLAMMATORY CONDITIONS OF THE BRAIN Brain abscess Bacterial meningitis Viral meningitis Encephalitis Rabies REVIEW QUESTIONS REFERENCES RESOURCES Chapter 54. NURSING MANAGEMENT: The patient with a stroke Pathophysiology of stroke Risk factors for stroke Types of stroke REVIEW QUESTIONS REFERENCES RESOURCES Chapter 55. NURSING MANAGEMENT: Chronic neurological problems HEADACHES Tension-type headache Migraine headache Cluster headache Other types of headaches CHRONIC NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS Seizure disorders and epilepsy Restless legs syndrome (RLS) DEGENERATIVE NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS Multiple sclerosis Parkinson’s disease Myasthenia gravis Motor neuron disease Huntington’s disease REVIEW QUESTIONS REFERENCES RESOURCES Chapter 56. NURSING MANAGEMENT: Delirium, depression and dementia Delirium Depression Dementia Alzheimer’s disease (AD) Other neurodegenerative diseases REVIEW QUESTIONS REFERENCES RESOURCES Chapter 57. NURSING MANAGEMENT: Peripheral nerve and spinal cord problems CRANIAL NERVE DISORDERS Trigeminal neuralgia Bell’s palsy POLYNEUROPATHIES Guillain-Barré syndrome Botulism Tetanus Neurosyphilis SPINAL CORD PROBLEMS Spinal cord injury Spinal cord tumours Post-polio syndrome REVIEW QUESTIONS REFERENCES RESOURCES Chapter 58. NURSING ASSESSMENT: Musculoskeletal system Structures and functions of the musculoskeletal system Falls and ageing Assessment of the musculoskeletal system Diagnostic studies of the musculoskeletal system REVIEW QUESTIONS REFERENCES RESOURCES Chapter 59. NURSING MANAGEMENT: Musculoskeletal trauma and orthopaedic surgery SOFT TISSUE INJURIES Sprains and strains Dislocation and subluxation Repetitive strain injury Carpal tunnel syndrome Rotator cuff injury Meniscus injury Anterior cruciate ligament injury Bursitis FRACTURES COMPLICATIONS OF FRACTURES Infection Compartment syndrome Venous thromboembolism (VTE) Fat embolism syndrome TYPES OF FRACTURES Colles’ fracture Fracture of humerus Fracture of pelvis Fracture of hip Femoral shaft fracture Fracture of tibia Stable vertebral fracture Facial fracture Mandibular fracture Amputation COMMON JOINT SURGICAL PROCEDURES Indications for joint surgery Types of joint surgery REVIEW QUESTIONS REFERENCES RESOURCES Chapter 60. NURSING MANAGEMENT: Musculoskeletal problems Osteomyelitis BONE TUMOURS Benign bone tumours Malignant bone tumours Muscular dystrophy LOW BACK PAIN Acute low back pain Chronic low back pain Intervertebral disc disease NECK PAIN FOOT DISORDERS METABOLIC BONE DISEASES Osteomalacia Osteoporosis Paget’s disease Osteogenesis imperfecta Scheuermann’s disease REVIEW QUESTIONS REFERENCES RESOURCES Chapter 61. NURSING MANAGEMENT: Arthritis and connective tissue diseases Osteoarthritis Rheumatoid arthritis Gout Tick-borne disease Septic arthritis SPONDYLOARTHROPATHIES Ankylosing spondylitis Psoriatic arthritis Reactive arthritis Systemic lupus erythematosus Scleroderma Polymyositis and dermatomyositis Mixed (overlapping) connective tissue disease Sjögren’s syndrome Myofascial pain syndrome Fibromyalgia Chronic fatigue syndrome REVIEW QUESTIONS REFERENCES RESOURCES Section 12. Nursing care inspecialised settings Chapter 62. NURSING MANAGEMENT: Critical care environment Critical care nursing Culturally competent care: Critical care patients Haemodynamic monitoring Circulatory assist devices Artificial airways Mechanical ventilation Other critical care content REVIEW QUESTIONS REFERENCES RESOURCES Chapter 63. NURSING MANAGEMENT: Shock, systemic inflammatory response syndrome and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome Shock Systemic inflammatory response syndrome and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome REVIEW QUESTIONS REFERENCES RESOURCES Chapter 64. NURSING MANAGEMENT: Respiratory failure and acute respiratory distress syndrome Acute respiratory failure Acute respiratory distress syndrome REVIEW QUESTIONS REFERENCES RESOURCES Chapter 65. NURSING MANAGEMENT: Emergency care situations Assessment and management of the emergency patient ENVIRONMENTAL EMERGENCIES Heat-related emergencies Cold-related emergencies Submersion injuries Stings and bites Envenomation Poisonings/toxicology Major incident and disaster preparedness REVIEW QUESTIONS REFERENCES RESOURCES Chapter 66. Chronic illness and complex care Chronic illness Management of chronic illness REVIEW QUESTIONS REFERENCES RESOURCES Appendix A: Cardiopulmonary resuscitation and basic life support Introduction to basic life support REFERENCES Appendix B: Nursing diagnoses Appendix C: Answer key to review questions Appendix D: Image and text credits Index