"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume II -- AC"

BASIC AC THEORY 10 What is alternating current (AC)? 10 AC waveforms 15 Measurements of AC magnitude 20 Simple AC circuit calculations 28 AC phase 29 Principles of radio 32 Contributors 34 COMPLEX NUMBERS 36 Introduction 36 Vectors and AC waveforms 39 Simple vector addition 41 Complex vector addition 44 Polar and rectangular notation 45 Complex number arithmetic 50 More on AC ``polarity'' 52 Some examples with AC circuits 57 Contributors 63 REACTANCE AND IMPEDANCE -- INDUCTIVE 64 AC resistor circuits 64 AC inductor circuits 66 Series resistor-inductor circuits 70 Parallel resistor-inductor circuits 77 Inductor quirks 80 More on the ``skin effect'' 83 Contributors 85 REACTANCE AND IMPEDANCE -- CAPACITIVE 88 AC resistor circuits 88 AC capacitor circuits 90 Series resistor-capacitor circuits 94 Parallel resistor-capacitor circuits 99 Capacitor quirks 102 Contributors 104 REACTANCE AND IMPEDANCE -- R, L, AND C 106 Review of R, X, and Z 106 Series R, L, and C 107 Parallel R, L, and C 113 Series-parallel R, L, and C 117 Susceptance and Admittance 125 Summary 126 Contributors 126 RESONANCE 128 An electric pendulum 128 Simple parallel (tank circuit) resonance 133 Simple series resonance 138 Applications of resonance 142 Resonance in series-parallel circuits 143 Q and bandwidth of a resonant circuit 152 Series resonant circuits 153 Parallel resonant circuits 155 Contributors 158 MIXED-FREQUENCY AC SIGNALS 160 Introduction 160 Square wave signals 165 Other waveshapes 175 More on spectrum analysis 181 Circuit effects 192 Contributors 195 FILTERS 196 What is a filter? 196 Low-pass filters 197 High-pass filters 203 Band-pass filters 207 Band-stop filters 209 Resonant filters 211 Summary 223 Contributors 223 TRANSFORMERS 224 Mutual inductance and basic operation 225 Step-up and step-down transformers 238 Electrical isolation 244 Phasing 246 Winding configurations 249 Voltage regulation 255 Special transformers and applications 258 Impedance matching 258 Potential transformers 261 Current transformers 264 Air core transformers 266 Tesla Coil 267 Saturable reactors 268 Scott-T transformer 272 Linear Variable Differential Transformer 273 Practical considerations 275 Power capacity 275 Energy losses 275 Stray capacitance and inductance 278 Core saturation 278 Inrush current 281 Heat and Noise 284 Contributors 287 POLYPHASE AC CIRCUITS 288 Single-phase power systems 288 Three-phase power systems 294 Phase rotation 300 Polyphase motor design 305 Three-phase Y and configurations 310 Three-phase transformer circuits 317 Harmonics in polyphase power systems 322 Harmonic phase sequences 347 Contributors 349 POWER FACTOR 350 Power in resistive and reactive AC circuits 350 True, Reactive, and Apparent power 355 Calculating power factor 358 Practical power factor correction 363 Contributors 366 AC METERING CIRCUITS 368 AC voltmeters and ammeters 368 Frequency and phase measurement 375 Power measurement 383 Power quality measurement 386 AC bridge circuits 388 AC instrumentation transducers 397 Contributors 407 AC MOTORS 408 Introduction 409 Hysteresis and Eddy Current 411 Synchronous Motors 413 Synchronous condenser 421 Reluctance motor 422 Synchronous reluctance 422 Switched reluctance 423 Electronic driven variable reluctance motor 424 Stepper motors 426 Characteristics 427 Variable reluctance stepper 428 Permanent magnet stepper 431 Wave drive 431 Full step drive 433 Half step drive 434 Construction 434 Hybrid stepper motor 436 Brushless DC motor 439 Tesla polyphase induction motors 443 Construction 443 Theory of operation 446 Motor speed 449 Torque 450 NEMA design classes 451 Power factor 452 Efficiency 452 Nola power factor corrrector 453 Induction motor alternator 453 Motor starting and speed control 455 Running 3-phase motors on 1-phase 455 Multiple fields 456 Variable voltage 457 Electronic speed control 457 Linear induction motor 458 Wound rotor induction motors 458 Speed control 460 Doubly-fed induction generator 460 Single-phase induction motors 462 Permanent-split capacitor motor 463 Capacitor-start induction motor 464 Capacitor-run motor induction motor 465 Resistance split-phase motor induction motor 465 Nola power factor corrrector 466 Other specialized motors 467 Shaded pole induction motor 467 2-phase servo motor 467 Hysteresis motor 468 Eddy current clutch 469 Selsyn (synchro) motors 469 Transmitter - receiver 470 Differential transmitter - receiver 471 Addition vs subtraction 472 Control transformer 474 Resolver 475 AC commutator motors 477 Single phase series motor 477 Compensated series motor 477 Universal motor 478 Repulsion motor 478 Repulsion start induction motor 479 TRANSMISSION LINES 480 A 50-ohm cable? 480 Circuits and the speed of light 481 Characteristic impedance 484 Finite-length transmission lines 490 ``Long'' and ``short'' transmission lines 496 Standing waves and resonance 499 Impedance transformation 519 Waveguides 527 BIBLIOGRAPHY 534 ABOUT THIS BOOK 536 Purpose 536 The use of SPICE 537 Acknowledgements 538 CONTRIBUTOR LIST 540 How to contribute to this book 540 Credits 541 Tony R. Kuphaldt 541 Jason Starck 541 Dennis Crunkilton 542 Bill Stoddard, www.billsclockworks.com 542 Your name here 542 Typo corrections and other ``minor'' contributions 542 DESIGN SCIENCE LICENSE 546 0. Preamble 546 1. Definitions 546 2. Rights and copyright 547 3. Copying and distribution 547 4. Modification 548 5. No restrictions 548 6. Acceptance 548 7. No warranty 548 8. Disclaimer of liability 549 INDEX 549 TABLE OF CONTENTS 9