"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume I -- DC"

BASIC CONCEPTS OF ELECTRICITY 11 Static electricity 11 Conductors, insulators, and electron flow 17 Electric circuits 21 Voltage and current 23 Resistance 32 Voltage and current in a practical circuit 36 Conventional versus electron flow 37 Contributors 41 OHM's LAW 43 How voltage, current, and resistance relate 43 An analogy for Ohm's Law 48 Power in electric circuits 49 Calculating electric power 51 Resistors 54 Nonlinear conduction 59 Circuit wiring 64 Polarity of voltage drops 68 Computer simulation of electric circuits 69 Contributors 83 ELECTRICAL SAFETY 85 The importance of electrical safety 85 Physiological effects of electricity 86 Shock current path 88 Ohm's Law (again!) 93 Safe practices 100 Emergency response 104 Common sources of hazard 105 Safe circuit design 108 Safe meter usage 113 Electric shock data 123 Contributors 123 SCIENTIFIC NOTATION AND METRIC PREFIXES 125 Scientific notation 125 Arithmetic with scientific notation 127 Metric notation 129 Metric prefix conversions 130 Hand calculator use 131 Scientific notation in SPICE 132 Contributors 134 SERIES AND PARALLEL CIRCUITS 135 What are "series" and "parallel" circuits? 135 Simple series circuits 138 Simple parallel circuits 144 Conductance 149 Power calculations 151 Correct use of Ohm's Law 152 Component failure analysis 154 Building simple resistor circuits 160 Contributors 175 DIVIDER CIRCUITS AND KIRCHHOFF'S LAWS 177 Voltage divider circuits 177 Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL) 185 Current divider circuits 195 Kirchhoff's Current Law (KCL) 199 Contributors 201 SERIES-PARALLEL COMBINATION CIRCUITS 203 What is a series-parallel circuit? 203 Analysis technique 206 Re-drawing complex schematics 213 Component failure analysis 221 Building series-parallel resistor circuits 226 Contributors 238 DC METERING CIRCUITS 241 What is a meter? 241 Voltmeter design 246 Voltmeter impact on measured circuit 251 Ammeter design 259 Ammeter impact on measured circuit 265 Ohmmeter design 269 High voltage ohmmeters 273 Multimeters 281 Kelvin (4-wire) resistance measurement 286 Bridge circuits 291 Wattmeter design 298 Creating custom calibration resistances 300 Contributors 302 ELECTRICAL INSTRUMENTATION SIGNALS 303 Analog and digital signals 303 Voltage signal systems 306 Current signal systems 307 Tachogenerators 310 Thermocouples 311 pH measurement 316 Strain gauges 322 Contributors 329 DC NETWORK ANALYSIS 331 What is network analysis? 331 Branch current method 334 Mesh current method 342 Mesh Current, conventional method 342 Mesh current by inspection 355 Node voltage method 358 Introduction to network theorems 362 Millman's Theorem 362 Superposition Theorem 365 Thevenin's Theorem 370 Norton's Theorem 374 Thevenin-Norton equivalencies 378 Millman's Theorem revisited 380 Maximum Power Transfer Theorem 382 -Y and Y- conversions 384 Contributors 390 BATTERIES AND POWER SYSTEMS 391 Electron activity in chemical reactions 391 Battery construction 397 Battery ratings 400 Special-purpose batteries 402 Practical considerations 406 Contributors 408 PHYSICS OF CONDUCTORS AND INSULATORS 409 Introduction 409 Conductor size 411 Conductor ampacity 417 Fuses 419 Specific resistance 426 Temperature coefficient of resistance 430 Superconductivity 433 Insulator breakdown voltage 436 Data 437 Contributors 437 CAPACITORS 439 Electric fields and capacitance 439 Capacitors and calculus 443 Factors affecting capacitance 449 Series and parallel capacitors 452 Practical considerations 453 Contributors 458 MAGNETISM AND ELECTROMAGNETISM 459 Permanent magnets 459 Electromagnetism 463 Magnetic units of measurement 465 Permeability and saturation 468 Electromagnetic induction 473 Mutual inductance 475 Contributors 477 INDUCTORS 479 Magnetic fields and inductance 479 Inductors and calculus 483 Factors affecting inductance 489 Series and parallel inductors 494 Practical considerations 496 Contributors 496 RC AND L/R TIME CONSTANTS 497 Electrical transients 497 Capacitor transient response 497 Inductor transient response 500 Voltage and current calculations 503 Why L/R and not LR? 509 Complex voltage and current calculations 511 Complex circuits 513 Solving for unknown time 518 Contributors 520 BIBLIOGRAPHY 521 ABOUT THIS BOOK 523 Purpose 523 The use of SPICE 524 Acknowledgements 525 CONTRIBUTOR LIST 527 How to contribute to this book 527 Credits 528 Benjamin Crowell, Ph.D. 528 Dennis Crunkilton 528 Tony R. Kuphaldt 529 Ron LaPlante 529 Davy Van Nieuwenborgh 529 Jason Starck 529 Warren Young 529 Your name here 529 Typo corrections and other "minor" contributions 530 DESIGN SCIENCE LICENSE 533 0. Preamble 533 1. Definitions 533 2. Rights and copyright 534 3. Copying and distribution 534 4. Modification 535 5. No restrictions 535 6. Acceptance 535 7. No warranty 535 8. Disclaimer of liability 536 INDEX 537 TABLE OF CONTENTS 5