نگارش حقوقی: فرآیند، تحلیل و سازماندهی (مجموعه کتاب‌های درسی آسپن)

__Legal Writing: Process, Analysis, and Organization, Seventh Edition__by the 2017 Burton Award recipient and renowned author, Linda Edwards, is the only legal writing text that uses a process approach, presenting writing as a logical sequence of steps. Streamlined to meet the needs of today's students, the Seventh Edition uses adult learning theory concepts and a "flipped classroom" approach to add even greater focus and efficiency to classroom and study time.**Key Features:**New Chapter (4) on working with statutes. Updated chapter on citation Improved coverage of brief-writing Streamlined chapter on letter writing to better meet the need of a first-year course. Modern process approach, with streamlined content for better absorption by students Clear and informal language Helpful appendices offering sample of office memos, sample letters, and appellate briefs. Front Matter 2 Editorial Advisors 3 Title Page 5 Copyright Page 8 About Wolters Kluwer Legal & Regulatory U.S. 9 Dedication 10 Summary of Contents 11 Contents 14 Preface to the Seventh Edition 26 Acknowledgments 28 Introduction 29 I. Who me? A writer? 29 II. Pliable Authority 29 III. Ethics 30 IV. Plagiarism 30 Chapter 1 First Things First 33 I. Adult Learning: The Writing Process, Incremental Learning, and “Flipped” Classrooms 33 II. Understanding Your Role 35 III. Reading Cases: Introduction 37 IV. How Lawyers Think 37 Part I The Process of Writing Predictively: The Office Memo 41 Stage One Organizing for Analysis: Outlining Your Working Draft 43 Chapter 2 Outlining Rules 44 I. Outlining a Rule: Overview 44 II. Common Rule Structures 45 III. A Few Hints About Outlining Rules 47 Chapter 3 Using Rules to Organize Your Analysis 51 I. Organizing a Working Draft 51 II. Hints for Organizing the Draft 52 III. Rules Within an Umbrella Rule 55 IV. Organizing by Rule: Special Circumstances 58 Chapter 4 Finding a Rule in a Statute 59 I. Reading Statutes 59 II. Identifying Issues 61 III. Interpreting Statutory Language 62 IV. Canons of Construction 63 Chapter 5 Finding a Rule in a Case 65 I. Why Formulate a Rule from a Case? 65 II. A Slippery Task 66 III. Inherited Rules and Processed Rules 67 IV. Tools for Finding New Information 69 V. Choosing the Rule’s Breadth 70 VI. Holding Versus Dicta 72 Chapter 6 Finding a Rule From Multiple Authorities 75 I. The Continuing Search for a Rule 75 II. Comparing Precedential Values 76 A. Primary Authority: Is This Really “Law”? 76 B. Mandatory Authority: Is It Binding? 77 C. Subsequent Treatment: Is It Still “Good Law”? 79 D. Any Other Factors? 79 III. Reconciling Authorities: Pulling Them All Together 82 Stage Two Drafting for Analysis: Writing the Working Draft 87 Chapter 7 Analyzing a Single Issue: Rule Explanation 88 I. What Is a Single-Issue Discussion? 88 II. The Paradigm for Legal Analysis 90 III. Explaining the Rule 91 IV. Rule Explanation Using a Single Case 93 V. Counteranalysis 97 Chapter 8 Analyzing a Single Issue: Rule Application 103 I. Two Approaches to Writing the Application Section 103 II. Content of Rule Application 104 III. Analogies 105 A. Which Similarities and Differences Matter? 105 B. Choosing a Format for Your Analogies 105 IV. Common Trouble Spots in Rule Application 107 Chapter 9 Analyzing a Single Issue: Using Multiple Authorities 112 I. Investigating the Options 112 II. Organizational Options: Rule Explanation 113 III. Formats for Using Cases to Explain the Rule 116 Chapter 10 Analyzing Multiple Issues 119 I. Writing the Analysis of an Umbrella Rule with Subparts 119 A. The Umbrella Section 119 B. The Discussion of Each Subissue 120 C. The Overall Conclusion 121 II. Writing the Analysis Without an Umbrella Rule 121 III. Variations 122 A. Order of Elements 122 B. Whether to Cut Short the Analysis 122 C. Whether to Combine Rule Explanation and Rule Application for All Elements 122 Stage Three Converting Your Working Draft to An Office Memo 126 Chapter 11 The Office Memo and the Law-Trained Reader 127 I. Observations About Readers 127 A. Focus on the Reader 127 B. Attention Levels 127 C. Road Maps 128 D. Law Professors as Readers 128 II. An Overview of the Office Memo 129 A. Function 129 B. Format 129 C. Degree of Formality 130 D. Ethical Requirements 130 Chapter 12 Organizing for Your Reader: The Discussion Section 133 I. The Umbrella Section 133 II. Organizational Choices 134 A. Dispositive Issues 134 B. Important Issues 134 C. Threshold Issues 135 D. Familiar Order 135 III. Check Subsection Lengths 135 IV. Revise Headings 136 V. Insert a Thesis Sentence or Paragraph 136 Chapter 13 Completing The Draft of the Office Memo 138 I. The Heading 138 II. The Question Presented 138 A. Content and Format 139 B. Generic Versus Specific References 140 C. Degree of Detail 140 D. Role 140 III. The Brief Answer 141 A. Content and Format 141 B. Generic Versus Specific References 141 C. Degree of Detail 141 D. Degree of Certainty 142 IV. The Fact Statement 143 A. Fact Selection 143 B. Organization 143 C. Remembering Your Role 144 V. The Conclusion 145 Stage Four Revising to Achieve a Final Draft 148 Chapter 14 Citations and Quotations 149 I. Citation in Legal Writing 149 II. Citation Form 150 A. Using the ALWD Guide to Legal Citation 151 1. Sections of the ALWD Guide 151 2. How to Locate the Rules You Need 151 B. Using the Bluebook 152 1. Sections of the Bluebook 152 2. How to Find the Rules You Need 152 C. Several Key Concepts 153 D. Introduction to Citation Form 153 E. Matching the Citation to the Text 155 F. Citing with Style and Grace 156 G. Editing Citation Form 158 III. Quotations 165 A. When Quotation Marks Are Required 165 B. Choosing to Use Quotation Marks 166 C. Overquoting 166 D. The Mechanics of Quoting 167 E. Editing Quotations 169 Chapter 15 Revising for Usage and Style 171 I. Professional Tone and Level of Formality 171 II. Legal Usage and Customs 172 III. Gender-Neutral Writing 174 A. Nouns: Eliminate or Substitute 174 B. Pronouns (He, She, His, Hers) 175 C. Proper Names and Titles 176 IV. Clear Subjects and Strong Verbs 176 V. Avoiding Wordiness 180 VI. Miscellaneous 182 Part II Professional Letter Writing 185 Chapter 16 Writing Professional Letters 188 I. General Characteristics of Professional Letter Writing 188 II. Letters to Clients 190 A. General Considerations 190 B. Retainer Letters 191 C. Advice Letters 191 D. Status Letters 192 III. Letters to Other Lawyers 193 A. General Considerations 193 B. Demand Letters and Responses 194 C. Confirming Letters 195 IV. Transmittal Letters 195 Part III The Process of Writing Persuasively: The Brief 198 Stage One Structuring for Persuasion: Outlining the Working Draft 201 Chapter 17 Ethics, Judges, and Briefs 202 I. The Ethics of Brief Writing 203 II. Judges as Readers 204 III. Overview of a Brief 205 Chapter 18 Structuring the Argument: First Steps 209 I. Formulating and Structuring a Rule: Review 209 II. Using the Rule to Begin to Organize the Draft 212 III. Identifying Issues 213 IV. Identifying and Drafting Working Point Headings 213 A. Identifying Working Point Headings 214 B. Variations on Identifying Point Headings 214 1. Arguing an Important Threshold Issue 215 2. Arguing Two Major Issues 215 C. Drafting Working Point Headings 215 V. Identifying and Drafting Working Subheadings 218 Chapter 19 Finding and Structuring a More Favorable Rule 219 I. Formulating a More Favorable Rule 219 A. Discounting Troublesome Cases 219 B. Synthesize the Authorities into a More Favorable Rule 221 II. Structuring a Favorable Rule 225 A. Subparts 225 1. Choosing Subheadings for Emphasis 225 2. Subheadings as a Tallying Mechanism 225 B. Example: Structuring a Favorable Rule from Fox and Clein 225 Stage Two Drafting for Persuasion: Writing The Working Draft 228 Chapter 20 Writing the Working Draft: First Steps 229 I. Getting Ready to Write 229 II. Review of the Paradigm 230 III. Using Cases to Explain the Rule 231 IV. Arguments About Statutes 233 V. Counteranalysis of the Rule 235 VI. Writing the Rule Application: Two Approaches 236 VII. Overall Content of Rule Application 236 VIII. Making Factual Inferences 237 IX. Using Case Comparisons 237 X. Common Trouble Spots in Rule Application 239 XI. Counterapplication 240 Chapter 21 Refining the Arguments: The Standard of Review and the Question Presented 241 I. Identifying the Standard of Review 241 A. Categories of Trial Court Decisions 241 1. Questions of Law 241 2. Questions of Fact 242 3. Mixed Questions of Law and Fact 242 4. Questions Within the Trial Court’s Discretion 244 B. Advocating a More Favorable Standard of Review 244 C. Editing Headings to Conform to the Standard of Review 244 II. Drafting the Question Presented 246 A. Purpose and Function 246 B. Traditional Content and Format 247 C. “Deep” Issue Statements 249 D. Drafting Hints 250 III. Persuading Using Policy 251 IV. Rule Application with Factors or Guidelines: Advanced Techniques 252 A. First Organizational Option: By Factor 252 B. Second Organizational Option: By Party 253 C. Third Organizational Option: By Theme 254 Chapter 22 The Statement of Facts 256 I. Ethics, Readers, and the Conventions of Fact Statements 257 A. Reminders About Ethics 257 B. Reminders About Readers 257 C. The Conventions of a Statement of Facts 257 II. Developing a Theory of the Case and Selecting Facts 258 A. Developing a Theory of the Case 259 B. Selecting Facts 259 III. Organization 260 A. Formats 260 B. Subheadings 261 C. Procedural History 261 IV. Techniques for Persuasion 261 A. General Principles 261 B. Large-Scale Organization 262 The Beginning 262 The Middle 262 The End 262 C. Paragraph Organization 263 D. Techniques with Sentences 263 E. Other Small-Scale Techniques 264 Stage Three Converting the Working Draft to a Brief 270 Chapter 23 Converting the Draft to a Brief 271 I. Umbrella Section 271 II. Choosing an Order for the Arguments 273 A. Ordering Point Headings 273 1. Strength on the Law 273 2. Strength on the Equities 273 3. Your Reader’s Priorities 274 B. Ordering Subheadings 274 III. Converting Working Headings to the Brief’s Point Headings 274 A. Adding the Key Facts 275 B. Editing for Persuasion 276 C. Editing for Readability 278 IV. Formatting the Brief 280 Stage Four Revising to Achieve a Final Draft 282 Chapter 24 Editing the Brief 283 I. Persuasive Style 283 A. Degree of Formality 283 B. Competence and Clarity 283 C. Tact and Good Judgment 284 II. Writing with Confidence 285 Final Checklist 286 Chapter 25 Oral Argument 288 I. The Purpose of Oral Argument 288 II. Formalities and Organization of Oral Argument 288 III. The Content of the Argument 291 IV. Preparation 292 V. Handling Questions from the Bench 293 VI. Presentation 296 Appendices 298 Appendix A Sample Office Memorandum 301 Appendix B Sample Office Memorandum 306 Appendix C Sample Letters 311 Appendix D Sample Trial-Level Brief 317 Appendix E Sample Appellate Brief 323 Appendix F Sample Appellate Brief 332 Appendix G Cases Used in the Text’s Examples and Exercises 345 Index 355 The purchase of this ebook edition does not entitle you to receive access to the Connected eBook with Study Center on CasebookConnect. You will need to purchase a new print book to get access to the full experience, including: lifetime access to the online ebook with highlight, annotation, and search capabilities; practice questions from your favorite study aids; an outline tool and other helpful resources. Legal Writing: Process, Analysis, and Organization, Seventh Edition by the 2017 Burton Award recipient and renowned author, Linda Edwards, is the only legal writing text that uses a process approach, presenting writing as a logical sequence of steps. Streamlined to meet the needs of today's students, the Seventh Edition uses adult learning theory concepts and a “flipped classroom” approach to add even greater focus and efficiency to classroom and study time. Key Features: New Chapter (4) on working with statutes. Updated chapter on citation Improved coverage of brief-writing Streamlined chapter on letter writing to better meet the need of a first-year course. Modern process approach, with streamlined content for better absorption by students Clear and informal language Helpful appendices offering sample of office memos, sample letters, and appellate briefs.