وراث لئونهوک و ذینفعان بیجرینک: تاریخ ویروس‌شناسی پزشکی در هلند

Leeuwenhoek's Legatees and Beijerinck's Beneficiaries: A History of Medical Virology in The Netherlands offers a tour of the history of Dutch medical virology. Beginning with the discovery of the first virus by Martinus Beijerinck in 1898, the authors investigate the reception and redefinition of his concept in medical circles and its implications for medical practice. The relatively slow progress of these areas in the first half of the twentieth century and their explosive growth in the wake of molecular techniques are examined. The surveillance and control of virus diseases in the field of public health is treated in depth, as are tumour virus research and the important Dutch contributions to technical developments instrumental in advancing virology worldwide. Particular attention is paid to oft forgotten virus research in the former Dutch colonies in the East and West Indies and Africa. Cover Table of Contents Acknowledgements Abbreviations Preface 1. Origins in the dark Virus diseases in the Netherlands before the discovery of viruses Smallpox, public health measures and immunization Measles, lack of prevention? Rabies, treatment and public health measures Poliomyelitis, the summer disease Influenza, not just a common cold Human and animal medicine in the nineteenth century Progress from confluence: The meeting of public health and laboratory science 2. Redefining viruses The development and reception of the virus concept in the Netherlands The discovery of a remarkable anomaly Bacteriophages and the re-definition of viruses Advances in virus research and the rediscovery of Beijerinck’s virus concept The relevance of Beijerinck in the Dutch medical context Viruses after the 1930s: New insights in light of technical developments 3. On the fringes The Dutch work on viruses, 1900-1950 In the immediate wake of the first discoveries... The Spanish influenza pandemic of 1918: Its impact in the Netherlands Dutch progress on rabies, smallpox, polio, and measles, 1900-1950 The early Dutch centres of activity on virus diseases Amsterdam Laboratory for Hygiene, University of Amsterdam, and Laboratory of the Department for Tropical Hygiene of the Colonial Institute The State Veterinary Research Institute Leiden Laboratory for Tropical Hygiene, Leiden University Laboratory for Bacteriology, Leiden University Laboratory for Bacteriology and Experimental Pathology of the Netherlands Institute for Preventive Medicine Clinic of Internal Medicine of the Academic Hospital Utrecht Laboratory for Hygiene, State University of Utrecht National Laboratory of the National Institute of Public Health in Utrecht Groningen Laboratory for Hygiene, State University of Groningen International developments in techniques 4. From cell culture to the molecular revolution The rise of medical virology and its organization The first wave: Virus culture First wave developments in Dutch clinical virology The second wave: Immunological and visualization techniques for rapid detection Second wave developments in Dutch clinical virology The third wave: The molecular revolution Third wave developments in Dutch clinical virology Public health laboratories and medical virology The basic and the applied: Separate or joint ways of organization? Dutch Societies and medical virology The Netherlands Society for Microbiology The Netherlands Society for Medical Microbiology The Dutch Working Group for Clinical Virology Expansion of the working group Working group meetings Epidemiological reports Professionalization Standardization and external quality control The Working Group for Molecular Diagnostics of Infectious Diseases (WMDI) European societies and Dutch medical virology European Group for Rapid Viral Diagnosis European Association against Virus Diseases European Society for Clinical Virology European Society for Virology Waves of development and organization of clinical and fundamental virology 5. Medical virology in the Netherlands after 1950 Laboratories and institutes The impact of the AIDS pandemic on Dutch virology Amsterdam University of Amsterdam and the Academic Medical Center (AMC) State Veterinary Research Institute Regional Public Health Laboratory of the Municipal Health Service of Amsterdam Central Laboratory of the Netherlands Red Cross Blood Transfusion Service (CLB) and Red Cross Blood Bank of Amsterdam VU University Medical Center Amsterdam (VUmc) Amsterdam Cohort Studies (ACS) Leiden Leiden University Medical Centre Laboratory of Bacteriology and Experimental Pathology and Central Clinical Virology Laboratory Department of Clinical Respiratory Virology Laboratory for Tropical Hygiene Utrecht/Bilthoven National Institute of Public Health and Environment Bilthoven Laboratory for Medical Microbiology, UMC Utrecht University of Utrecht, Veterinary Faculty Groningen UMC Groningen and Virology Unit of the Regional Public Health Laboratory of the Municipal Health Service Nijmegen/Tilburg Radboud University Nijmegen St Elisabeth Hospital, Tilburg Rotterdam Regional Public Health Laboratory of the Municipal Health Service of Rotterdam Erasmus MC Maastricht Maastricht UMC General hospitals Military Medical Service Commercial companies Philips Duphar Organon Teknika Crucell Delft Diagnostic Laboratory (DDL) Viroclinics Biosciences BV 6. Techniques and instruments Their introduction in the Netherlands and the main contributions of the Dutch Four types of filters Light microscopy Tissue culture – early days Tissue culture and cell monolayers Cell culture and vaccine production Phase-contrast microscopy Electron microscopy Reception of the electron microscope in the virology field in the Netherlands Immunofluorescence Enzyme-immunoassay or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay Agar gel electrophoresis Introducing DNA into mammalian cells Pepscan and combinatorial chemistry Nucleic acid purification Nucleic acid extraction and the isothermal nucleic acid sequence-based amplification Excerpta Medica Conclusion: Offstage in the spotlight 7. Dutch virology in the tropics From colonial to international virology Indonesia and the former Dutch East Indies Smallpox Yellow fever, dengue and scrub typhus Poliomyelitis Rabies Suriname and the Netherlands Antilles, former West Indies Smallpox Yellow fever Dengue Other arboviruses Poliomyelitis Rabies Africa: Kenya, Uganda and Ethiopia and West Africa Kenya Uganda Ethiopia West Africa Accessibility of essential medicines 8. From cancer mice in the roaring 1920s to oncogenes and signalling molecules in the booming 1990s Amsterdam Netherlands Cancer Institute Laboratory for Hygiene, later the Department of Medical Microbiology and the Department of Virology, University of Amsterdam Department of Pathology, Free University of Amsterdam Leiden Laboratory of Physiological Chemistry, Leiden University Laboratory of Immuno-haematology, Leiden University Utrecht Laboratory of Physiological Chemistry, Utrecht University Nijmegen Laboratory for Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Radboud University Rijswijk Radiobiological Institute and Primate Centre Rotterdam Erasmus MC Groningen Laboratory of Molecular Virology, State University of Groningen Delft/Rijswijk Delft Diagnostic Laboratory Working Group on Persistent Virus Infections and Oncogenesis Conclusion 9. Virus vaccines and immunization programmes Introduction Smallpox vaccine Rabies vaccine Poliomyelitis vaccine Rubella, mumps, measles combination vaccine Special Department Immunobiology Influenza vaccine Influenza immunization in specific risk groups Commercial production of influenza vaccines Hepatitis B vaccine Production of hepatitis B vaccine in the Netherlands Occupationally acquired infections in vaccine-production laboratories Cooperation in the development of vaccine-production methods Ultimate sale of public health sector vaccine production Success of the RVP 10. Conclusions List of institutes and laboratories References Index Index of names Index of subjects List of illustrations Figure 1 Jan van der Noordaa (1934-2015) Figure 2 Antoni van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723) Figure 3 Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) Figure 4 Jan Ingen Housz (1730-1799) Figure 5 M.W. Beijerinck (1859-1931) Figure 6 L.W. Janssen’s (1901-1975) hypothetical scheme to interpret biochemical findings: normal situation Figure 7 L.W. Janssen’s (1901-1975) hypothetical scheme to interpret biochemical findings: virus infection of a host cell Figure 8 Plaque at entrance of Institute for Tropical Hygiene, Amsterdam Figure 9 The staff members of the Laboratory for Tropical Hygiene, Amsterdam Figure 10 P.C. Flu (1884-1945) Figure 11 Institute for Tropical Medicine and Laboratory for Tropical Hygiene and Parasitology, Leiden Figure 12 Entrance of Institute for Preventive Medicine, Leiden Figure 13 R. Gispen (1910-2000) and Jacoba G. Kapsenberg Figure 14 John F. Enders (1897-1985) Figure 15 F. Dekking (1913-2004) Figure 16 Collaborators of the Amsterdam Cohort Studies on HIV infection and AIDS (1998) Figure 17 Collaborators of the Erasmus MC Department of Virology (2019)a: A.D.M.E. Osterhaus; b: R.A.M. Fouchier; c: G.F. Rimmelzwaan Figure 18 Equipment for purification of a poliovirus by means of gel filtration Figure 19 Presentation of the EM 100 at Philips in 1949 Figure 20 A. Schuurs and B. van Weemen on the occasion of the presentation of the Saal van Zwanenberg Prize in Nijmegen, 22 April 1980 Figure 21 Sophronisba: of, de gelukkige moeder door de inëntinge van haare dochters (Sophronisba; or, The happy mother who had her daughters inoculated), 1779 Figure 22 Institute Pasteur and s’Lands Koepok Inrichting, Bandung Figure 23 Nairobi Medical Research Centre Figure 24 D. Metselaar (1914-2006) in northern Kenya Figure 25 R. Korteweg (1884-1961) Figure 26 A working map of the mouse int-1 locus as drawn by Roel Nusse used from 1982 to 1984 Figure 27 Inoculation of fertilized eggs for the cultivation of influenza virus Figure 28 A cell culture forming a monolayer four days after inoculation Figure 29 Roel Nusse and Harold Varmus as enthusiastic cyclists This book offers a tour of the history of medical virology in the Netherlands from the nineteenth century to the new millennium. Beginning with the discovery of the first virus by Martinus Beijerinck in 1898, the authors investigate the reception and redefinition of his concept in medical circles and its implications for medical practice, particularly in the diagnosis and prevention of viral infections. The relatively slow progress of these areas in the first half of the twentieth century and their explosive growth in the wake of molecular techniques are examined. The surveillance and control of virus diseases in the field of public health is treated in depth, as are tumour virus research and the important Dutch contributions to technical developments instrumental in advancing virology worldwide. Particular attention is paid to oft forgotten virus research in the former Dutch colonies in the East and West Indies and Africa. Bron: Flaptekst, uitgeversinformatie The title of the book pays tribute to two Dutch scientists without whom virology would arguably not exist today, at least not in its present guise. The first is Antony van Leeuwenhoek, whose reports of microscopic discoveries in the early eighteenth century aroused interest in the world of invisible creatures. His findings laid the basis for a theory of a particulate cause of infectious diseases, but, as George Rosen wrote, without any tangible results in support of the theory (1993/1958, pp. 84-85). Some 250 years later Martinus Willem Beijerinck launched the discipline of virology with his idea that tobacco mosaic disease (TMD) was caused by a living contagious fluid or filterable living pathogen.

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