Lecture notes. Ophthalmology

Highly Commended in Internal medicine in the 2017 BMA Medical Book Awards Highly illustrated, comprehensive, and accessible, Ophthalmology Lecture Notes is the ideal reference and revision guide to common eye problems and their diagnosis and management. Beginning with overviews of anatomy, history taking, and examination, it then covers a range of core ophthalmic conditions, including a new chapter on paediatric ophthalmology. The content has been thoroughly updated and includes: Over 200 diagrams and photographs A range of core clinical cases in chapter 20 demonstrating the clinical context of key conditions Learning objectives and summary of key points in each chapter Ophthalmology Lecture Notes is perfect for developing knowledge for clinical practice or revision in the run-up to examinations, and uses a systematic approach to provide medical students and junior doctors with all the tools they need to manage clinical situations. It is also useful for optometrists in training, helping them develop a sound understanding of clinical ophthalmology. Ophthalmology: Lecture Notes......Page 1 Contents......Page 7 Preface to Twelfth Edition......Page 9 Preface to First Edition......Page 11 Acknowledgements......Page 13 Abbreviations......Page 15 About the Companion Website......Page 17 Sensory Innervation of the Face: the Fifth Cranial Nerve......Page 19 Gross Anatomy of the Eye......Page 21 The Eyelids (The Tarsus)......Page 22 The Lacrimal Drainage System......Page 23 The Cornea......Page 24 The Retina......Page 26 The Vitreous......Page 27 The Ciliary Body......Page 28 The Lens......Page 29 The Optic Nerve......Page 30 The Third, Fourth and Sixth Cranial Nerves......Page 32 Central Origin......Page 33 Assessment Questions True or False......Page 34 Answers......Page 35 General Ophthalmic History......Page 37 Red Eye......Page 38 Sudden Visual Loss......Page 41 Gradual Visual Loss......Page 42 Diplopia......Page 43 Physiological Testing of the Eye......Page 44 Visual Fields......Page 45 Colour Vision......Page 48 Eye Movements......Page 51 Anatomical Examination of the Eye......Page 52 Special Examination Techniques......Page 55 Investigative Techniques......Page 56 Assessment Questions True or False......Page 59 Answers......Page 60 Refractive Error (Ametropia)......Page 62 Optical Correction After Cataract Extraction......Page 64 Low-Vision Aids......Page 65 Refractive Surgery......Page 66 Answers......Page 67 Enophthalmos......Page 68 Visual Acuity......Page 69 Infective Disorders......Page 70 Vascular Abnormalities......Page 71 Assessment Questions True or False......Page 72 Answers......Page 73 Ptosis......Page 74 Entropion......Page 75 Blepharitis......Page 76 Molluscum Contagiosum......Page 77 Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC)......Page 78 Assessment Questions True or False......Page 79 Answers......Page 80 Aqueous-Deficient Dry Eye......Page 81 Cicatricial Conjunctival Disorders......Page 82 Obstruction of Tear Drainage (Adult)......Page 83 Assessment Questions True or False......Page 85 Answers......Page 86 Signs......Page 87 Inflammatory Diseases of the Conjunctiva......Page 88 Infective Corneal Lesions......Page 91 Disorders of Shape......Page 94 Corneal Degenerations......Page 95 Corneal Thinning......Page 96 Sclera......Page 97 Assessment Questions True or False......Page 98 Answers......Page 99 Definition and Causes......Page 102 Signs......Page 103 Treatment......Page 104 Disorders of Lens Shape......Page 107 Answers......Page 108 Epidemiology......Page 110 Specific Conditions Associated With Uveitis......Page 112 Ankylosing Spondylitis......Page 113 History......Page 114 Toxoplasmosis......Page 115 AIDS and CMV Retinitis......Page 116 Sympathetic Ophthalmitis......Page 117 Answers......Page 118 Classification......Page 120 Primary (Chronic) Open-Angle Glaucoma......Page 121 Secondary Glaucoma......Page 122 Examination......Page 123 Treatment......Page 126 Secondary Glaucoma......Page 129 Prognosis of the Glaucomas......Page 130 Assessment Questions True or False......Page 131 Answers......Page 132 Macular Dysfunction......Page 134 Age-Related Macular Degeneration......Page 135 Macular Holes and Membranes......Page 137 Macular Oedema......Page 138 Toxic Maculopathies......Page 139 Retinal Detachment......Page 140 Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment......Page 141 Retinitis Pigmentosa......Page 142 Cone Dystrophy......Page 144 Retinoblastoma......Page 145 Astrocytomas......Page 146 Choroidal Lesions, Including Melanoma......Page 147 Assessment Questions......Page 148 Answers......Page 149 Leakage from the Microcirculation......Page 151 Diabetic Retinopathy......Page 153 Arterial Occlusion......Page 156 Venous Occlusion......Page 157 Retinopathy of Prematurity......Page 159 Abnormalities of the Blood......Page 160 Assessment Questions......Page 161 Answers......Page 162 Horner's Syndrome......Page 163 Relative Afferent Pupillary Defect (RAPD)......Page 164 Other Causes of Pupillary Abnormality......Page 165 Answers......Page 166 The Swollen Optic Disc......Page 168 Papilloedema Due to Raised Intracranial Pressure......Page 169 Ischaemic Optic Neuropathy......Page 172 Optic Atrophy......Page 174 Optic Tract, Radiation and Visual Cortex......Page 175 Answers......Page 176 Anatomy and Physiology......Page 179 Aetiology of Non-Paralytic (Concomitant) Squint......Page 182 Isolated Nerve Palsy......Page 185 Dysthyroid Eye Disease (Grave's Disease)......Page 187 Myasthenia Gravis......Page 188 Internuclear Ophthalmoplegia......Page 189 Nystagmus......Page 190 Assessment Questions......Page 191 Answers......Page 192 History, Symptoms and Signs......Page 193 Without a Slit Lamp......Page 194 Orbital Blow-Out Fracture......Page 197 Corneal and Scleral Penetrating Trauma......Page 198 Prognosis......Page 199 Assessment Questions True or False......Page 200 Answers......Page 201 Reasons for the Greater Prevalence of Blindness in the Developing World......Page 202 Cataract......Page 203 Trachoma......Page 205 Onchocerciasis (River Blindness)......Page 206 Vitamin A Deficiency (Xerophthalmia)......Page 208 HIV and AIDS......Page 210 Answers......Page 211 References......Page 212 History and Examination......Page 213 Testing Binocular Vision......Page 214 Direct Ophthalmoscopy......Page 215 The Orbit......Page 216 Conjunctiva, Cornea, Sclera......Page 217 Prematurity and the Eye......Page 218 Squint......Page 219 Nystagmus......Page 220 Child Abuse......Page 221 Assessment Questions True or False......Page 222 The Causes of Visual Impairment......Page 223 Certification, Statement of Educational Needs......Page 224 Useful Contacts and Agencies......Page 225 Case 2......Page 226 Case 5......Page 227 Case 8......Page 228 Case 13......Page 229 Case 15......Page 230 Case 17......Page 231 Case 21......Page 232 Case 24......Page 233 Case 25......Page 234 Ophthalmic Journals......Page 235 Organizations Producing Patient Information Literature......Page 236 Appendix 1: Conversion Table for Representation of Visual Acuity......Page 237 Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Preparations......Page 238 Local Anaesthetics......Page 239 Diagnostic Preparations......Page 240 Index......Page 241 End User License Agreement......Page 253 Concentrating on core information needed by students, this text integrates basic structure and functions of the eye with clinical ophthalmology. It provides a consistent approach to individual diseases, and has been revised to include current views on ophthalmic disease and treatment. Highly Commended in Internal medicine in the 2017 BMA Medical Book AwardsHighly illustrated, comprehensive, and accessible, Ophthalmology Lecture Notes is the ideal reference and revision guide to common eye problems and their diagnosis and management. Beginning with overviews of anatomy, history taking, and examination, it then covers a range of core ophthalmic conditions, including a new chapter on paediatric ophthalmology. The content has been thoroughly updated and includes:Over 200 diagrams and photographs A range of core clinical cases in chapter 20 demonstrating the clinical context of key conditions Learning objectives and summary of key points in each chapterOphthalmology Lecture Notes is perfect for developing knowledge for clinical practice or revision in the run-up to examinations, and uses a systematic approach to provide medical students and junior doctors with all the tools they need to manage clinical situations. It is also useful for optometrists in training, helping them develop a sound understanding of clinical ophthalmology