[Lecture Notes in Computer Science] Chinese Lexical Semantics Volume 11831 (20th Workshop, CLSW 2019, Beijing, China, June 28–30, 2019, Revised Selected Papers) ||

This book constitutes the thoroughly refereed post-workshop proceedings of the 20th Chinese Lexical Semantics Workshop, CLSW 2019, held in Chiayi, Taiwan, in June 2019. The 39 full papers and 46 short papers included in this volume were carefully reviewed and selected from 254 submissions. They are organized in the following topical sections: lexical semantics; applications of natural language processing; lexical resources; corpus linguistics. -- Provided by publisher Preface Organization Contents Lexical Semantics Spatiality and Its Semantic Consequence of the Quantitative Expression “一CCN” in Mandarin Chinese Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Spatiallity of “一CCN” 2.1 “一CC” as an “Dispersion Marker” 2.2 Three Spatial Relationships 2.2.1 Contact Relationship 2.2.2 Inside Relationship 2.2.3 Dispersion Relationship 2.3 The Absence of Reference 3 The Co-occurrence of “一CCN” and Quantitative Adverbs & 4 Conclusive Remarks References Difference and Analysis Between the Structures of “Shai() + NP” and “Xiu() + NP” Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Semantic Comparative Analysis 3 Differences in Syntactic Combinations 3.1 Difference from Word Combinations 3.2 Difference Syntactic Component 3.3 Difference by Collocation 4 Conclusion Acknowledgements References Relationship Between Discourse Notions and the Lexicon: From the Perspective of Chinese Information Structure Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Background 2.1 The Lexicon 2.2 The Debate 3 The Feature-Based Approach and the Generation of Information Structure 3.1 The Inclusiveness Condition and Information Structure 3.2 The “Look-Ahead” Technique and Information Structure 3.3 The Functional Projection and Information Structure 4 Conclusion Acknowledgments References A Collostructional Analysis of Ditransitive Constructions in Mandarin Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Literature Review 3 Research Methodology 3.1 Corpus Data Collection 3.2 Collostructional Analysis 4 Research Results 4.1 Verbs of Double-Object Construction (DO) 4.2 Verbs of Prepositional Dative Construction (PD) 4.3 Constructing Meaning of Dative Alternation 5 Conclusions Acknowledgments References The Semantic Analysis and Representation of “Hai-NP-Ne” Construction with NP Quoted from Context Abstract 1 Introduction 2 The Tool for Representing Semantic Structure: Scale Structure 3 Semantic Analysis and Semantic Representation of Quotative “Hai-NP-Ne” Construction Type A 3.1 The Semantics of “Hai-NP1-ne, ... NP2...” Construction 3.2 The Semantic Representation of “Hai-NP1-ne, ... NP2...” with Scale Structure 4 Semantic Analysis and Semantic Representation of Quotative “Hai-NP-ne” Construction Type B 5 Semantic Analysis and Semantic Representation of Quotative “Hai-NP-Ne” Construction Type C 6 Conclusion Acknowledgments References The Centennial Controversy: How to Classify the Chinese Adverb Dōu? Abstract 1 Introduction: Making Clear the Starting Point and Direction in the Dispute 2 How Are the Semantic and Pragmatic Functions of the Adverb Dōu Classified? 2.1 The Dilemma Between the Classification and the Definitions of the Semantic and Pragmatic Functions of the Adverb Dōu 2.2 To Review on the Existing Views of Classifying the Adverb Dōu 3 Conclusion Acknowledgment References Research on the Hidden ‘De’ in Basic Noun Compounds Based on the Large-Scale Corpus Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Research Review 3 Data Preparation 3.1 Data Collection 3.2 Data Screening 4 Statistical Analysis 4.1 Basic Information 4.2 Looming Analysis 5 Conclusion Acknowledgments References Research of Speech Act Verb Interpretations About Dictionaries of Learning Chinese as a Foreign Language from the Perspective of Frame Semantics Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Frame Presuppositions and Interpretations of Speech Act Verbs 2.1 Lexical Interpretations from the Perspective of Frame Semantics 2.2 The Establishment of Speech Act Verbs as the Interpretation Objects 3 Analyses of Interpretation Modes of Speech Act Verbs and Comparisons of Dictionaries Interpretations 3.1 Frame Interpretations of the Lexical Units “Announce 发表” and “Declare 声明” 3.2 Frame Interpretations of the Lexical Units “Admit 承认”, “Apologize 道歉”, “Review 检讨” and “Confess 坦白” 3.3 Frame Interpretation of the Lexical Unit “Reveal 揭发”, “Expose 揭露” and “Disclose 透露” 4 Suggestions on the Interpretations of Dictionaries of Learning Chinese as a Foreign Language Acknowledgments Reference A Study on the Expressions of Modal Particles of the Suggestion Function in Spoken Chinese Abstract 1 Introduction 1.1 Topic Background 1.2 Theoretical Foundation and Research Methods 2 Review of Previous Studies 2.1 Study of Linguistic Forms and Functions 2.2 Study of Context and Functional Expressions 3 Distribution and Contextual Variables of Modal Particles “ba”, “ma”, and “bei” in Expressing the Suggestion Function 3.1 Distribution of Modal Particles “ba”, “ma”, and “bei” in Expressing the Suggestion Function 3.2 Contextual Variables of the Expressions of the Suggestion Function 4 Expressive Characteristics of Modal Particles in the Expressions of the Suggestion Function 4.1 Features of the Suggestion Function Expressed by Modal Particles “ba”, “ma”, and “bei” 4.2 Typical Means of Expressions When the Modal Particles “ba”, “ma”, and “bei” Are Used to Express the Suggestion Function 5 Conclusion Acknowledgments References A Study of the Characteristics of ABB-Type Adjectives in Shaoxing Dialect Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Tone Change 3 Grammatical Features 3.1 Internal Word-Formation 3.2 Grammatical Function 4 Semantic Features 4.1 Semantic Degree 4.2 Emotional Color 5 Conclusion Acknowledgments References The Reclassification of Chinese Nominal Measure Words Based on Definition Mode Abstract 1 Introduction 2 The Reclassification of Nominal Measure Words 2.1 The Nominal Measure Words Unrelated to Things 2.2 The Nominal Measure Words Related to Things 2.2.1 Nominal Measure Words Related to the Container of Things 2.2.2 Nominal Measure Words Related to Things Themselves 3 Deficiencies of Previous Classifications 4 Advantages of Reclassification in This Paper 4.1 Advantages in Classification Standards 4.2 Advantages in Classification Results 5 Conclusion Acknowledgments References A Brief Analysis of Semantic Interactions Between Loanwords and Native Words in the Tang Dynasty Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Semantic Evolution Introduced by Transliterated Loanwords 2.1 Kurung Slave and Kunlun Mountain 2.2 Lion: From Animal to Kingdom 3 Semantic Evolution Introduced by Liberally Translated Loanwords 3.1 How Did the Ostrich Become a Monster? 3.2 Nail Aromatic and Chicken Tongue Aromatic 4 Conclusion Acknowledgements References On the Verb Zao in Ha-Fu Northeastern Mandarin Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Semantics of Zao 2.1 “To Eat, To Drink” 2.2 “To Waste, To Ruin” 2.3 Equivalent to Other Universal Verbs 2.4 Other Meanings 2.4.1 Commendatorily “To Be Capable (Of)” 2.4.2 “To Go, To Leave For” 2.4.3 “To Shock or To Be Shocked” 2.4.4 (Price, Age, Etc.) “To Reach Certain Degree” 3 Grammatical Functions of Zao 3.1 Can Be Pre-modified by Modal Verbs, Adverbs, and Descriptive Adjectives 3.2 Can Take an Object 3.2.1 Resultative Object 3.2.2 Locative Object 3.2.3 Numeral Object 3.2.4 Target Object 3.3 Can Take a Complement 3.3.1 Resultative Complement 3.3.2 Stative Complement 3.3.3 Locative Complement 3.3.4 Directional Complement 3.3.5 Numeral Complement 3.4 Can Take an Aspectual Marker 3.5 Cannot Be Reduplicated or Used in “VP-Neg-VP” Questions 4 Pragmatic Features of Zao 4.1 Emotional Features 4.2 Colloquial Features 4.3 Regional Features 5 Conclusion References Linguistic Synaesthesia of Mandarin Sensory Adjectives: Corpus-Based and Experimental Approaches Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Methods 3 Modality Exclusivity of Mandarin Synaesthetic Adjectives 4 Directionality and Ratings of Mandarin Synaesthetic Adjectives 5 Conclusion Acknowledgments References The Negation Marker mei in Northeastern Mandarin Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Mei1 as a Verbal Negator of You 3 Mei2 as an Intransitive Verb 4 Mei3 as an Aspectual Negator 4.1 Aspectual Features of Mei3 4.2 A Typological and Diachronic View 4.3 The Tone Sandhi of Mei3 5 Conclusion References Resource Construction and Distribution Analysis of Internal Structure of Modern Chinese Double-Syllable Verb Abstract 1 Introduction 2 The Necessity of Structure Annotation 2.1 The Ambiguity of Word Boundary 2.2 Separable Words 2.3 Requirements for Different Applications 3 State of Art 4 The Process of Structure Annotation 4.1 The Annotated Objects 4.2 The Guidelines of Annotation 4.3 Results Analysis 5 Conclusion Acknowledgments References Gradability, Subjectivity and the Semantics of the Adjectival zhen ‘real’ and jia ‘fake’ in Mandarin Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Previous Analyses 3 Some Empirical Observations 3.1 Faultless Disagreement 3.2 Judge Dependence 3.3 Interim Summary 4 A Multidimensional Account 5 Conclusion Acknowledgments References The Repetition of Chinese Onomatopoeia Abstract 1 Introduction: About Chinese Onomatopoeic Forms 2 Repetition of Onomatopoeia 2.1 Optionality 2.2 Wholeness 2.3 Recursiveness 2.4 Insertability 3 About Inserted Pauses 3.1 Common Dots: Caesura Signs, Commas, and Exclamation Marks 3.2 Common Marks: Quotation Marks, Dashes, and Ellipses 4 Conclusion Acknowledgments References A Degree-Based Analysis of ‘V+A+le2’ Construction Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Literature Review 3 Theoretical Background 4 Data Analysis 4.1 The Derivation of Result-Realization Interpretation 4.2 The Derivation of Result-Deviation Interpretation 5 Conclusion References Semantic Distinction and Representation of the Chinese Ingestion Verb Chī Abstract 1 Introduction 1.1 Research Questions 2 Lexical Semantics of Chī in Previous Works 2.1 Semantic Chain Theory 2.2 The Emergent Argument Structure Hypothesis 2.3 The MARVS-Based Accounts 2.4 Significance of This Work: A Framed-Based Constructional Approach 3 Syntactic and Semantic Properties of Chī 3.1 Syntactic Distribution 3.2 The Meaning Categorization and Representations 3.3 The Interrelations: Two-Dimensional Analytical Model 3.4 Idiomization, Grammaticalization and Ambiguity 4 Conclusion Acknowledgments References From Repetition to Continuation: Construction meaning of Mandarin AXAY Four-Character Idioms Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Literature Review 2.1 The Internal Structures of Chinese QIEs 2.2 Construction Grammar and Idioms 3 Data and Methodology 4 Data Analysis 5 Discussion 6 Concluding Remarks Acknowledgments References A Study on Classification of Monosyllabic and Disyllabic Onomatopoeias Based on the Relation Between the Form and Meaning Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Semantic Description Perspectives and Classification 2.1 Semantic Description Perspectives of the Onomatopoeia 2.2 Semantic Classification of the Onomatopoeia 3 Classification of Monosyllabic Onomatopoeia 3.1 A Type Simple Onomatopoeia 3.2 A Type Sound Featured Onomatopoeia 3.3 A Type Compound Featured Onomatopoeia 4 Classification of Disyllabic Onomatopoeia 4.1 AA Type Sound Featured Onomatopoeia 4.2 AA Type Compound Featured Onomatopoeia 4.3 AB Type Simple Onomatopoeia 4.4 AB Type Sound Featured Onomatopoeia 4.5 AB Type Compound Featured Onomatopoeia 5 Conclusion References Semantic Features and Internal Differences of Ergative Verbs Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Semantic Categories of Ergative Verbs 3 Semantic Commonalities and Differences of Ergative Verbs 3.1 Change and State 3.2 Difference in Transitivity 3.3 Difference in Causativity 3.4 Difference in Volition 4 Conclusion References Reduplicated Kind Classifier zhǒngzhǒng in Mandarin Chinese and the Associated Plurality Type Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Semantic Properties of ClKClK 3 Plurality Expressed by Zhǒngzhǒng 4 Conclusion References A Study on the Semantic Construal of ‘NP yào VP’ Structure from the Perspective of Grounding Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Semantic and Syntactic Features of “NP yào VP” 3 The Cognitive Basis of the Semantic Construction of “NP yào VP” 3.1 Grounding Theory 3.2 Yào as a Grounding Element 4 Analysis of Semantic Construction Process of “NP yào VP” 4.1 Grounding Function of Dynamic Modal yào 4.2 Grounding Function of Deontic Modal yào 4.3 Grounding Function of Epistemic Yào 5 Conclusion References Research Into the Additional Meanings of the Words of Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region Consultative Council—Taking the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region Consultative Council Literature as a Corpus Abstract 1 Introduction 2 The Emotional Significance of General Official Words in the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region 2.1 Words Usage Profile of Emotional Significance 2.2 Use of Emotional Words 2.2.1 General Usage of Emotional Appraise Terms 2.2.2 Special Usage of Emotional Significance Words 2.3 The Actual Effect of Using Emotional Words 3 Words Stylistic Sense of the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region Official Documents 3.1 The Spoken Style of the General Official Words in the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region 3.2 The Regional Style of the General Official Words in the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region 3.3 The Literary Style of the General Official Words in the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region 4 The Associative Meaning of the General Official Words in the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region 4.1 A Thing That Is Associated with What Is to Be Expressed 4.2 A Local Action of a Thing Is Associated with What Is to Be Expressed 5 Conclusion References From Lexical Semantics to Traditional Ecological Knowledge: On Precipitation, Condensation and Suspension Expressions in Chinese Abstract 1 Introduction 1.1 Weather and Language 1.2 Same Radical, Same Perception? 1.3 Hantology and TEK 2 Methodology 3 Results 4 Discussion 4.1 Different Types of Water Have Different Linguistic Representations 4.2 An Account from Hantology 4.3 Language Variation and Knowledge Loss 5 Conclusions References A Diachronic Study of Structure Patterns of Ditransitive Verbs Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Dative Alternation 3 Ditransitive Verbs 4 Contrastive Diachronic Structural Patterns 4.1 Different Structural Trends 4.2 Findings 4.3 Discussion 5 Conclusion References Investigation on the Lexicalization Process and Causes of “Guzhi” Abstract 1 Introduction 2 The Phenomenon of Early Continuous Use of “Gu” and “Zhi” 3 The Formation of the Word “Guzhi” 4 Lexicalization Motivation of “Guzhi” 5 Additional Discussion References When “Natural Nouns” Surface as Verbs in Old Chinese: A Lexical Semantic Exploration Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Method 3 Results 4 Discussion 4.1 The Relative Salience of CAs and Their Probability of Triggering N-V Conversion 4.2 An Anthropocentric Account 5 Conclusions References The Classification of Korean Verbs and Its Application in TCFL Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Categories According to Meanings and Usages of Verbs 3 Categories According to Verbal Characteristics 3.1 Categories According to Action Involvement in Other Items 3.2 Categories According to Action Influence on Other Agents 3.3 Categories According to Action Initiativity 3.4 Dual-Purpose Verbs in Chinese 4 Categories According to Verbal Independency 5 Conclusion Acknowledgments References The Independence of Monosyllabic Words Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Grammatical Attributes and Structural Relationships of Antonymous Compounds and Components 3 The Binomial Semantic Features of N+N Antonymous Compounds 3.1 Semantic Level 3.2 Syntactic Level 4 Function Migration of V+V Antonymous Compounds 4.1 Syntactic Function 4.2 Utterance Function 5 The Overall Transformation of A+A Antonymous Compounds 6 Conclusion References Applications of Natural Language Processing Microblog Sentiment Classification Method Based on Dual Attention Mechanism and Bidirectional LSTM Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Related Work 2.1 Sentiment Analysis Method Based on Sentiment Dictionary and Rules 2.2 Sentiment Analysis Method Based on Machine Learning 2.3 Sentiment Analysis Method Based on Deep Learning 3 Construction of Microblog Sentiment Classification Model 3.1 LSTM Model 3.2 A Method of Obtaining Self-attention Vector 3.3 A Method of Obtaining Sentiment Word Attention Vector 3.4 Microblog Sentiment Classification Model Based on Dual Attention Mechanism and Bidirectional LSTM (Dual-Attention-BiLSTM) 4 Experiment and Analysis 4.1 Selection of Data Sets 4.2 Experimental Parameter Setting 4.3 Experimental Contrast Model 4.4 Experimental Results and Analysis 5 Conclusion Acknowledgements References High Order N-gram Model Construction and Application Based on Natural Annotation Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Related Work 2.1 Language Modeling 2.2 Boundary Computing 3 The Construction of Boundary Language Model 3.1 Language Model of Boundary Information 3.2 Boundary Modeling in Sentence 3.3 Word Boundary Language Modeling in Short Sentence 4 Compress and Loading of the Boundary Models 5 Experiments 6 Conclusion Acknowledgements References A Printed Chinese Character Recognition Method Based on Area Brightness Feature Abstract 1 Introduction 1.1 History of Chinese Character Recognition 1.2 Problems Faced With 1.3 Proposed Solutions 2 Area Brightness Feature of Chinese Characters 3 Experiments 3.1 Recognition Accuracy of a Single Area Brightness Feature 3.2 Recognition Accuracy of Brightness Feature Combination 4 Conclusions and Future Work Acknowledgments References “Love Is as Complex as Math”: Metaphor Generation System for Social Chatbot Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Related Work 3 Metaphor Generation System 3.1 Targets and Sources Selection 3.2 Discovering Connections Between Targets and Sources 3.3 Identifying Similarities by Different POS 3.4 Generating Metaphors with ADJ Connecting Words 3.5 Generating Metaphors with Verb Connecting Words 3.6 Generating Metaphors with Noun Connecting Words 4 Metaphor Generation System Evaluation 4.1 Connecting Words Evaluation 4.2 Generated Metaphors Evaluation 5 Testing on Real Chatbot Users 5.1 Experiment Design 5.2 Evaluation Result 6 Discussion and Future Work References Research on Extraction of Simple Modifier-Head Chunks Based on Corpus Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Distribution and Composition of Simple Modifier-Head Chunk 2.1 Definition of Modifier-Head Chunk and Simple Modifier-Head Chunk 2.2 Distribution Analysis of Simple Modifier-Head Chunk Based on Pennsylvania Tree Bank 2.3 Analysis of the Internal Composition of the Simple Modifier-Head Chunks 3 Extractions of Simple Modifier-Head Chunks 3.1 Chunk-Extraction System 3.2 Formulation of Extraction Rules 3.3 The Algorithm for Simple Modifier-Head Chunks Extraction 4 Chunk Extraction Assessment 4.1 Random Sampling Assessment 4.2 Analysis of Factors Affecting Experimental Results 5 Summary Acknowledgement References Incorporating HowNet-Based Semantic Relatedness Into Chinese Word Sense Disambiguation 1 Introduction 2 Previous Work 3 HowNet-Based Semantic Relatedness 3.1 Brief Introduction of HowNet 3.2 Sense Colony 3.3 Semantic Relatedness Measures 4 Methods 4.1 Preprocessing 4.2 Feature and Template 4.3 Semi-supervised Learning 4.4 Experiments Results 5 Discussion 6 Conclusion References Protein/Gene Entity Recognition and Normalization with Domain Knowledge and Local Context Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Entity Recognition 2.1 Feature Extraction 2.2 BLSTM-CRF Mode 2.3 Post-processing 3 Entity Normalization 3.1 Candidate Generation 3.2 Entity Disambiguation 4 Experiments 4.1 Experimental Settings 4.2 PNER Results 4.3 PNEN Results 5 Conclusion Acknowledgments References Sentence-Level Readability Assessment for L2 Chinese Learning Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Related Research 3 Methodology 3.1 Corpus Preparation 3.2 Feature Engineering 3.3 Models and Evaluation 4 Results and Discussion 5 Conclusions Acknowledgements Appendix References Text Readability Assessment for Chinese Second Language Teaching Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Related Work 3 Text Readability Assessment 3.1 Multi-type and Multi-granularity Text Readability Features 3.2 Assessment Methods 4 Experiment and Evaluation 4.1 Corpus 4.2 Experiments and Analysis 5 Conclusion Acknowledgements References Statistical Analysis and Automatic Recognition of Grammatical Errors in Teaching Chinese as a Second Language Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Statistical Analysis 2.1 The Statistical Analysis of Chinese Grammatical Errors in Lang-8 Data Set 2.2 The Statistical Analysis of Chinese Grammatical Errors in HSK Data Set 3 Automatic Grammatical Errors Recognition Incorporated with the Usage of “” 3.1 The Basic Model 3.2 Integration of the Usage of “” 3.3 The Performance Metrics 3.4 Experiment Setting and Results 4 Conclusion and Future Work Acknowledgments References Tibetan Case Grammar Error Correction Method Based on Neural Networks Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Related Works 3 Related Works 3.1 Methods 3.2 Datasets 3.3 Model Training 4 Conclusions Acknowledgement References Chinese Text Error Correction Suggestion Generation Based on SoundShape Code Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Previous Research 3 Error Correction Algorithm Based on Tone Shape Code 3.1 Error Correcting Thought 3.2 Error Location 3.3 Improved Editing Distance Algorithm 3.4 Similarity Algorithm of Chinese Characters Based on SoundShape Code 3.5 Generate Error Correction Suggestions 4 Experimental Results and Analysis 4.1 Experimental Data 4.2 Experimental Results and Analysis 5 Conclusion Acknowledgements References Extracting Hierarchical Relations Between the Back-of-the-Book Index Terms Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Extracting Hierarchical Relations of Index Terms 2.1 Extracting Hierarchical Relations of Index Terms Based on the Text Structure 2.2 Extracting Hierarchical Relations Between Index Terms Combining Lexical-Syntactic Analysis 2.3 Validating Hierarchical Relations Between Index Terms 3 Construction of Bob Index System 4 Experiment and Analysis 4.1 Experiment on Index Term Hierarchy Relation Extraction 4.2 Experiment on Construction of Hierarchical Index System 5 Summary Acknowledgements References A Situation Evaluation System for Specific Events in Social Media 1 Introduction 2 Microblog Data Collection and Preprocessing 2.1 Microblog Data Collection 2.2 Microblog Data Preprocessing 3 Selection of Situation Evaluation Indicators 4 Construction of Situation Evaluation System 4.1 Distribution of Index Weight in Social Security Event Situation Evaluation System 4.2 Judging Matrix for Constructing Primary Indicators Based on Secondary Indicators 4.3 Consistency Test of Judgment Matrix 5 Event Situation Evaluation 6 Experimental Results 7 Conclusion References Automatic Recognition of Chinese Separable Words Based on CRFs Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Related Work 3 Methodology 4 Experiment 4.1 Datasets 4.2 Features 4.3 Baselines 4.4 Overall Results 4.5 Experimental Results Analysis 4.6 Error Analysis 5 Conclusion and Future Work Acknowledgments References Tibetan Sentence Similarity Evaluation Based on Vectorized Representation Techniques Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Word Embedding and Sentence Similarity Evaluation 2.1 Word Embedding and Language Model 2.2 Sentence Similarity Evaluation 3 Tibetan Sentence Similarity Evaluation 3.1 Tibetan Sentence Representation 3.2 Euclidean Distance Evaluation 3.3 Jaccard Similarity Evaluation 4 Experiment 4.1 Word Embedding 4.2 Tibetan Sentence Similarity Evaluation 4.2.1 Dataset 4.2.2 Experimental Metrics 4.3 Similarity Evaluation 5 Conclusion Acknowledgments References An Easier and Efficient Framework to Annotate Semantic Roles: Evidence from the Chinese AMR Corpus Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Chinese AMR 2.1 Core and Non-core Roles of Chinese AMR 2.2 The Chinese AMR Corpus 3 Core Roles in Chinese AMR Cover Dynamic Problems 3.1 Resolve the Collision Between Core and Non-core Roles 3.2 Representation of Multi-functional Roles 4 Discrimination of Non-core Roles of Chinese AMR 5 AMR’s Solution to Dropped Roles 5.1 Adding Back Core Roles for Predicates 5.2 Adding Back Dropped Roles of 3 Types of Special Structures in Chinese 6 Conclusion and Future Work Acknowledgements References Linguistic Knowledge Based on Attention Neural Network for Targeted Sentiment Classification Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Related Work 3 Model 3.1 Word Encoding Layer 3.2 Linguistic Knowledge Based on Attention Neural Network 3.3 Output and Model Training 4 Experiments 4.1 Experiment Settings 4.2 Compared Methods 4.3 Experiment Result 5 Discussion 6 Conclusion Acknowledgments References A Method of Automatic Memorabilia Generation Based on News Reports Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Related Work 3 Method 3.1 News Reports Clustering 3.2 Salience Ranking of News Clusters 3.3 Memorabilia Generation 4 Experiment 4.1 Settings 4.2 Results 4.3 Example Outputs and Discussion 5 Conclusion and Future Work Acknowledgments References Lexical Resources A Case Study of Schema-Based Categorized Definition Modes in Chinese Dictionaries Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Relevant Studies on Schema Category 2.1 The Development of Schema 2.2 Studies on Schema-Based Categorized Definition 3 Construction of Schematic Network and Cognitive Domain 4 Problems of Definitions in Current Chinese Dictionaries 5 Construction of Schema-Based Categorized Definition Modes 6 Conclusion Acknowledgements References The Construction and Analysis of Annotated Imagery Corpus of Three Hundred Tang Poems Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Related Work 2.1 Imagery Theory Research 2.2 Resources of Annotated Imagery Corpora 3 The Construction of Annotated Imagery Corpus Based on Three Hundred Tang Poems 3.1 Data Source 3.2 Annotation Scheme 3.3 Annotation Sample 3.4 Quality Control 4 Quantitative Analysis of Annotated Imagery Corpus 4.1 Basic Statistics of Imagery 4.2 Poets and Their Typical Imageries 5 Conclusion and Future Work Acknowledgments References Building Semantic Dependency Knowledge Graph Based on HowNet Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Related Work 3 Construction of SDKG Based on HowNet 4 Construction of SDKG Based on Sememe Recommendation 5 Experimental Results and Analysis 6 Conclusion and Future Work Acknowledgments References Study on the Order of Vocabulary Output of International Students Abstract 1 Introduction 2 A Survey of Basic Vocabulary 3 The Inspection of International Students’ Vocabulary Output Clue 3.1 International Students’ Vocabulary Output Clue Inspection 3.2 Word Category Clues 3.3 Part of Speech Clues 3.4 Investigation on the Distribution Quantity of Lexical Output Clues 4 Analysis of Vocabulary Output Characteristics of International Students 5 Conclusion Acknowledgments References Construction of the Contemporary Chinese Common Verbs’ Semantic Framework Dictionary Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Verbs Semantic Framework 2.1 Basic Framework of the Dictionary 2.2 Framework Description 3 Semantic Framework Extraction 3.1 Data Preprocessing 3.2 Basic Semantic Framework Processing 3.3 Extended Semantic Framework Processing 3.4 Frame Simplification 4 Results and Analysis 5 Conclusion Acknowledgments References Knowledge Graph Representation of Syntactic and Semantic Information Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Knowledge Representation 2.1 Knowledge Representation 2.2 From Semantic Network to Knowledge Graph 2.3 Knowledge Graph 3 Knowledge Graph Representation of Syntactic and Semantic Information 3.1 Structure and Construction Method 3.2 Data Storage and Representation 4 Case Study 4.1 Storage and Representation of a Single Structure 4.2 Storage and Representation of Multiple Structures 5 Conclusion and Prospects References Annotation Scheme and Specification for Named Entities and Relations on Chinese Medical Knowledge Graph Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Related Work 3 Medical Knowledge Graph Annotation Scheme 4 Medical Named Entities and Relations Annotation Specification 4.1 Named Entity 4.1.1 Disease 4.1.2 Anatomy 4.1.3 Symptom 4.1.4 Test 4.1.5 Operation 4.1.6 Drug 4.1.7 Epidemiology 4.1.8 Sociology 4.2 Relations 4.2.1 Attribute Description of Relations 4.2.2 Synonym 4.2.3 Disease and Anatomy 4.2.4 Disease and Symptom 4.2.5 Disease and Test 4.2.6 Disease and Disease 4.2.7 Disease and Operation 4.2.8 Disease and Drug 4.2.9 Disease and Epidemiology 4.2.10 Disease and Sociology 5 Construction of Medical Knowledge Graph Corpus 6 Conclusion Acknowledgments References Directionality and Momentum of Water in Weather: A Morphosemantic Study of Conceptualisation Based on Hantology Abstract 1 Introduction 1.1 Scientific Felicity of Weather Verbs 1.2 Ontology and Hantology 2 Method 3 Results 4 Discussion 4.1 One Radical, Two Ontological Concepts 4.2 Evidence from Archaic Chinese 4.3 A Momentum Account 5 Conclusions References Construction of Adverbial-Verb Collocation Database Based on Large-Scale Corpus Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Related Work 3 Construction of the Knowledge System of Adverbial-Verb Collocations 4 Acquisition of Adverbial-Verb Collocations 4.1 The Composition of Retrieval Formula 4.2 The Construction of Adverbial-Verb Retrieval Formula 4.3 Evaluation of Adverbial-Verb Retrieval Formula 5 Statistical Analysis of Retrieval Results 6 Conclusion and Prospects Acknowledgments References On the Definition of Chinese Quadrasyllabic Idiomatic Expressions in Chinese-French Dictionaries: Problems and Corpus-Based Solution Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Methods 2.1 Research Object 2.2 Corpus and Dictionaries 3 Results 3.1 Basic Statistics 3.2 Problems Found on the Definition of Idioms in Two Dictionaries 3.2.1 Wrong Definition 3.2.2 Inappropriate Definition 3.2.3 Omission of Senses 3.2.4 Context Missing 4 Some Suggestions to Improve the Definition of an Idiom by Using Corpus 5 Conclusion Funding Acknowledgments References Corpus Linguistics A Metaphorical Analysis of Five Senses and Emotions in Mandarin Chinese Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Previous Research 3 Methods 4 Results and Discussions 4.1 Relation Between Language, Emotion and Senses 4.2 Relation Between Emotion and Senses 4.2.1 Relation Between Emotion and Vision 4.2.2 Relation Between Emotion and Hearing 4.2.3 Relation Between Emotion and Touch 4.2.4 Relation Between Emotion and Smell 4.2.5 Relation Between Emotion and Taste 5 Conclusion Acknowledgments References Research on Chinese Animal Words Extraction Based on Children’s Literature Corpus Abstract 1 Introduction 2 A Survey of the Children’s Literature Corpus 3 Animal Words Extraction 4 The Design of the Sequencing Model for Animal Words 5 Conclusion Acknowledgments References The Concatenation of Body Part Words and Emotions from the Perspective of Chinese Radicals Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Research Review 3 Data Preparation 3.1