Learning in the Digital Era: 7th European Lean Educator Conference, ELEC 2021, Trondheim, Norway, October 25–27, 2021, Proceedings (IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology Book 610)

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 7th European Lean Educator Conference ELEC 2021, hosted in Trondheim, Norway, in October 2021 and sponsored by IFIP WG 5.7. The conference was held virtually. The 42 full papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from 82 submissions. They are organized in the following thematic sections: Learning Lean; Teaching Lean in the Digital Era; Lean and Digital; Lean 4.0; Lean Management; Lean Coaching and Mentoring; Skills and Knowledge Management; Productivity and Performance Improvement; New Perspectives of Lean. Preface Organization Contents Learning Lean Sustaining Continuous Improvement Through Double Loop Learning Abstract 1 Introduction 2 The Need for CI in Public Services 2.1 The Application of CI in Public Services 2.2 Contemporary Thinking on the PSO Paradigm 3 On Organisational Learning 3.1 Argyris on Organisational Learning 3.2 Tenets of Single Loop Learning (SLL) 3.3 The Importance of Double Loop Learning (DLL) 4 The Current State of CI in Public Sector 4.1 DLL as an Undervalued Perspective on CI 5 Case Study Pilot of SLL and DLL Behaviours 5.1 Initial Findings 6 Conclusion References Learning Spaces for Engineering Education: An Exploratory Research About the Role of Lean Thinking Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Research Objective and Methodology 2.1 Learning Spaces Identification and Characterization 2.2 Analysis of the Role of Lean Thinking in Engineering Learning Spaces 3 Learning Spaces in Engineering 4 Discussion 4.1 Level of Governance 4.2 Technical Features 5 Conclusions and Future Works References The Learning Way to EBITDA Improvement Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Research Design 3 Findings 4 Discussion 5 Conclusion and Implications Acknowledgements References Top Down or Bottom Up Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Lean in Higher Education 2.1 Lean in Higher Education 2.2 Success Factors of Lean in Higher Education 2.3 Perspectives on CSFs Using Q-Methodology 3 Methodology 4 Findings 4.1 Quantitative Findings 4.2 Qualitative Findings 5 Discussion 6 Recommendations for Practitioners 7 Limitations and Further Research Acknowledgments References The Production Cultural Biorhythm as a New LEAN Learning Process Abstract 1 Making Unexpected Potentials Easily Visible 1.1 Idea and Basic Principle Behind ADaM24 and PCB 1.2 Data Collection in the Digital Age 2 In 6 Learning Steps to LEAN Success: The ADaM24 Procedure Model According to Langer and Mussler 3 ADaM24 in Action Against Bottlenecks 4 PCB in the Context of LEAN Thinking and Industry 4.0 5 Cybernetics and PCB in Learning Organizations 6 The Psychology of Learning in Use for the Implementation 7 PCB Topology Shows Concrete Lines of Action References Proposing VSM as a Tool to Compare Synchronic Online Teaching and Face-to-Face Teaching Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Teaching Process as a Value Stream 3 Methodology 4 Findings 5 Discussion 6 Conclusion References Hybrid Learning Factories for Lean Education: Approach and Morphology for Competency-Oriented Design of Suitable Virtual Reality Learning Environments Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Virtual Reality and Learning Factories 3 Methodology 3.1 Development of the VR Scenarios 4 Results 4.1 Organizational Requirements 4.2 Learning Targets 4.3 Design 5 Discussion and Outlook Acknowledgements References Fostering Insights from Real-Time Data Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Literature Review 2.1 Lean as a Learning System 3 Research Method 4 Results – The Action Research Process 4.1 Diagnosing 4.2 Action Planning 4.3 Action Taking 4.4 Evaluation 5 Discussion 6 Conclusion References Shaping Lean Teaching Methods: Recognizing Lean as a Journey vs. A Set of Tools Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Literature Review 2.1 Lean as Management Philosophy 2.2 Common Lean Teaching Methods and Outcomes 2.3 Why the Need to Evaluate Lean Teaching Methods? 3 Research Methodolgy 4 Analysis of Results and Discussion 5 Conclusion References Learning a Lean Way Abstract 1 Problem Addressed 2 Lean in Higher Education 3 A Problem-Solving A3 4 Students A3 Focus 5 A3 Material from the Students 6 Students’ Experiences 7 Challenges When Students Were Applying an A3 on Own Learning Process 8 Concluding Remarks Appendix References Lean Learning Factories: Concepts from the Past Updated to the Future Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Quantitative Statistics 3.2 Companies Involved and Learning Strategies 3.3 Discussion 4 Conclusion Acknowledgements References The Impact of Different Training Approaches on Learning Lean: A Comparative Study on Value Stream Mapping Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Theoretical Background 3 Research Design and Methodology 4 Case Studies 5 Results and Discussion 6 Conclusion Acknowledgements Bibliography Teaching Lean in the Digital Era Lean Courses in Process Form - Do as We Learn, Success or Not? Abstract 1 Background 2 Purpose 3 Course Structure and Content 4 Pedagogic Approach 4.1 Evaluation Form – 3 Phases 5 Method 6 Findings 7 Conclusion Acknowledgements References The Digitalisation and Virtual Delivery of Lean Six Sigma Teaching in an Irish University During COVID-19 Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Literature Review 3 Methodology 3.1 Development of Online Lean Learning Module 3.2 The Virtual Obeya Kaizen Room 4 Results 5 Discussion and Conclusion References A Lean Six Sigma Training Providers Transition to a 100% Online Delivery Model Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Literature Review 2.1 Training Design for Online Training Deployment 2.2 Advantages of Online and Virtual Training Delivery 3 The Research Project 3.1 The Research Company 3.2 Research Methodology 4 Results 4.1 Virtual Classroom Design 4.2 Virtual Classroom Delivery 4.3 Quantitative Survey Results 4.4 Qualitative Interview Results 5 Discussion and Conclusion References Teaching in Virtual Reality: Experiences from a Lean Masterclass Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Immersive Teaching with Virtual Reality 3 Teaching Intelligent Lean in TLN’s Gemba Platform 4 Feedback and Experiences 5 Discussion and Outlook 5.1 Advantages of Teaching in Real-Time VR 5.2 Challenges of Teaching in Real-Time VR 6 Conclusions References Lean and Digital When Digital Lean Tools Need Continuous Improvement Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Methods 3 Case Description and Analysis 3.1 TP Supports and Motivates Performance and Improvement 3.2 TP Needs to Keep up with Development to Support the Processes 3.3 Access to Fix and Improve Digital Solutions 4 Discussion and Conclusion References Discovering Artificial Intelligence Implementation and Insights for Lean Production Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Research Methodology 3 Findings and Discussion 3.1 The Main Use Cases of AI in Manufacturing Operations 3.2 The Design of the Implementation Process 3.3 Challenges and Pitfalls in the Implementation Process 3.4 Further Consequences of Implementing AI 4 AI and Insights for Lean Production 5 Conclusion and Future Research References Breaking Out of the Digitalization Paradox Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Digitalization and the Paradox 2.1 What is Most Obvious is Most Hidden 2.2 Simplification Complicates 2.3 Outcomes of Path Dependence are Compared with Options of the Past 2.4 Focusing Relentlessly on Efficiency Hinders Growth 3 Breaking Out of the Paradox 3.1 Dynamic Capability Approach to Digitalization 3.2 Combining Lean and Digitalization 4 Conclusions Acknowledgements References Lean 4.0 Mapping the Terrain for Lean Six Sigma 4.0 Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Methodology – Systematic Literature Review 3 Results 4 Discussion 5 Conclusion References Learning Through Action: On the Use of Logistics4.0 Lab as Learning Developer Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Logistics4.0 Lab 3 Action Learning at the Log4.0 Lab: Some Examples 3.1 Teaching Materials on Lean4.0 in the Design Level 3.2 Teaching Materials on Lean4.0 in the Operational Level 4 Conclusions References Blended Network Action Learning – A Digital Lean Approach to Solving Complex Organizational Problems Across Space and Time Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Theoretical Background 2.1 Action Learning 2.2 Network Action Learning 3 Towards a Philosophy for Blended Network Action Learning 4 The Lean Strategy Approach to Problem Resolution: Find, Face, Frame, Form 5 BNAL Methodology: Framework and Guidelines 5.1 The Problem 5.2 The Network 5.3 The Questioning and Reflective Process 5.4 The Commitment to Action 5.5 The Commitment to Learning 5.6 The Learning Facilitator 6 A Theory of Action and Science of Praxeology 6.1 System Alpha – Finding, Facing, and Framing (or Re-framing) the Problem 6.2 System Beta – Forming and Implementing the Solution(s) to the Problem 6.3 System Gamma – Reflecting over Learning and Emergent Actionable Knowledge 7 Conclusion Acknowledgements References Lean Management ‘Fake Lean’; On Deviating from an Ambiguous Essence Abstract 1 An Appealing Term; or is it? 2 Organization Concepts 3 Lean-Inspired Changes in Practice 4 Lean Back and Beyond Toyota 5 Faking Forward? References Toyota Inspired Excellence Models Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Description of the Main Excellence Models Inspired in TPS 3 Publications Data Analysis 4 Comparing the Models 5 Conclusions Acknowledgements References Quantum Lean: The Next Step in Lean Systems Abstract 1 Introduction to Lean Systems [1] 2 Overview of Lean Systems, Quick Response Manufacturing, and Quantum Lean 2.1 Traditional Lean (TL) [1] 2.2 Quick Response Manufacturing (QRM) [2] 2.3 Quantum Lean (QL) [3] 3 Comparison of Quantum Lean (QL) to Other Lean Systems 3.1 Comparison of Quantum Lean (QL) to Traditional Lean (TL) 3.2 Comparison of Quantum Lean (QL) to Quick Response Manufacturing (QRM) 4 Example – Product Path Diagram (PPD) and Value Stream Mapping (VSM) and Manufacturing Critical Path (MCT) Map 4.1 Value Stream Mapping (VSM) - Fabrication 4.2 Manufacturing Critical Path (MCT) Map - Fabrication 4.3 Product Path Diagram (PPD) - Fabrication 5 Advantages of Quantum Lean Systems 6 Summary References What Comes After the Transformation? Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 2.1 Methods 2.2 Definition of CI and Related Improvement Approaches 2.3 Characteristics of a CI Organization 3 Results 3.1 Definition of CI and Related Improvement Approaches 3.2 Characteristics of a CI Organization 4 Discussion References References Study of CI Characteristics (in Alphabetic Order) Lean Coaching and Mentoring Developing Middle Managers with Gemba Training Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Literature Review 3 Research Method 4 Findings 5 Conclusion and Suggestions for Further Research Acknowledgement References Towards Effective Lean QRM Yellow-Belt Training Programs: A Longitudinal Analysis Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Literature 2.1 Process Model 2.2 Intervention - Lean QRM Yellow-Belt Training 2.3 Hypotheses 3 Method 3.1 Research Strategy 3.2 Case Description 3.3 Data Quality 3.4 Data Analysis 4 Results 5 Conclusion 6 Discussion 6.1 Limitations and Future Research 6.2 Practical Implications 6.3 Reflections References Skills and Knowledge Management 14 Steps Toward Lean Knowledge Management 1 Introduction 2 Learning Principles Explained 3 Discussions and Related Work 3.1 Competence Development Strategies 3.2 Lean Knowledge Management 4 Conclusion and Further Work References Taking the Playing Lean Experience Online 1 Introduction 2 Theoretical Background 2.1 Lean Startup 2.2 Gamification 2.3 Playing Lean 3 Case: Issues with Taking Playing Lean Online 3.1 Facilitation Issues 3.2 Collaboration Issues 4 Discussion of Select Counter-Measures for Each Issue and Their Results 5 Conclusion References Bloom Taxonomy, Serious Games and Lean Learning: What Do These Topics Have in Common? Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Background 2.1 Bloom’s Taxonomy and Serious Games 2.2 Game-Based Lean 3 Research Methodology 4 Results and Discussion 5 Conclusions Acknowledgements References Productivity and Performance Improvement Lean Monitoring: Boosting KPIs Processing Through Lean Abstract 1 Introduction 2 The Company XYZ 3 The Case 3.1 The Problem 3.2 Current Situation 3.3 Target Definition 3.4 Root Cause Analysis 3.5 Countermeasures 3.6 Results Monitoring 4 Conclusion References A Simulation-Based Performance Comparison Between Flow Shops and Job Shops Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Relevance for Lean Manufacturing 3 Simulated Systems 4 Comparison Results 4.1 Utilization 4.2 Line Takt 4.3 Inventory 4.4 Lead Time 5 Summary References A Framework and Qualitative Comparison on Different Approaches to Improve the Lean Skillset Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Problematization 3 Overview of Common Lean Learning Approaches 3.1 Theoretical Training 3.2 Interactive Training and Simulations 3.3 Learning by Doing 3.4 Being Coached 3.5 Teaching and Coaching of Others 4 Comparison of Lean Learning Approaches 5 Combination of Approaches 6 Summary References Lean Warehousing: Enhancing Productivity Through Lean Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Case Study 2.1 Company Overview 2.2 Reasons for Actions 2.3 Current State 2.4 Targets of the Project 2.5 Root-Cause Analysis 2.6 Countermeasure Proposals 2.7 Implementation of Countermeasures 2.8 Standardization and Future Steps 3 Conclusions References New Perspectives on Lean Lean Office in a Manufacturing Company Abstract 1 Introduction 2 The Company 3 Research Methodology 3.1 Problem Background and Breakdown 3.2 Target Definition 3.3 Root Cause Analysis 4 Results 5 Conclusion References Lean Thinking Application in the Healthcare Sector Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Company Overview 3 The Problem and Current Situation 4 Child Neuropsychiatry 5 Psychiatry 6 Conclusions References Lessons Learned from Toyota Kata Implementation in the Norwegian Construction Industry Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Continuous Improvement 3 Toyota Kata as a Method 4 Research Design 5 A Case of Toyota Kata Implementation 6 Results and Discussion 7 Concluding Remarks and Further Work Acknowledgement References Lean Translated from a Manufacturing Industry Context to Municipality Service Production: A Case Study Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Lean Manufacturing 3 Translation Theory 4 Research Design 5 The Case 6 Findings and Discussion 7 Concluding Remarks Acknowledgment References Challenges in Prototyping a Problem-Solving Practice Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Literature 2.1 Collaborative Research Gains 2.2 Prototyping a Problem-Solving Practice 3 Research Method 4 Empirical Findings 4.1 Applying Prototypes of a Problem-Solving Practice 4.2 Outcome from Applying Prototypes of a Problem-Solving Practice 4.3 Challenges in Applying Prototypes of a Problem-Solving Practice 5 Discussion 6 Conclusion and Future Research Directions References Leonardo da Vinci: Lean Educator or Lean Sensei? Abstract 1 Introduction on Lean Thinking and Leonardo da Vinci – LEANardo 2 Context and Background 2.1 The Seven Da Vincian Principles 2.2 Lean Sensei vs Lean Educator 3 Discussion – Is Leonardo a Lean Educator or a Lean Sensei? 3.1 Analogies: The Concept of LEANardo 3.2 Lean Educator or Lean Sensei? 4 Conclusions References Lean Contribution to the Companies’ Sustainability Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Literature Review 2.1 Lean Connection with Triple Bottom Line 2.2 Lean & Green Techniques and Sustainable Outcomes 3 Method 3.1 Sample and Data Collection 4 Results 5 Discussion 6 Conclusion References Author Index