یادگیری و دشواری‌های یادگیری: راهنمایی برای معلمان

'Learning and Learning Difficulties: A Handbook for Teachers' is an outstanding teacher resource which explores a variety of learning processes, theories and concepts in order to help educators better understand and distinguish between the causes and outcomes of student learning problems. The author, Peter Westwood, aims to show that problems in learning are not all due to weaknesses within students or their lack of motivation. Many learning difficulties are created or exacerbated by environmental, not personal, influences. Factors that have an impact on a student's learning environment can be readily modified or improved, whereas weaknesses or 'deficits' within students are not so easily changed. Two of the most powerful influences in the learning environment are the school curriculum and approaches to teaching. Westwood argues that many learning problems can be prevented or minimised by matching teaching methods and lesson content to a learner's current aptitude and prior experience. Features: Examines different types of learning across the curriculum and the most effective types of teaching to facilitate these types of learning Provides practical suggestions for preventing or overcoming common learning difficulties Identifies factors that contribute to common learning problems in school Identifies weaknesses or 'deficits' of student learning as the possible outcome of learning failure, not the cause and, Provides a sound balance of theory and practical strategies for teachers. Key themes include: Maintaining students' attention the importance of explicit teaching and guided practice the value of teaching effective task-approach strategies and, the importance of addressing personal and emotional needs while working toward cognitive and academic goals. Contents......Page 6 Preface......Page 10 1 Perspectives on learning......Page 12 2 Theories of learning and motivation......Page 28 3 Brain, memory and intelligence......Page 46 4 Learning difficulties: prevalence and causes......Page 64 5 Specific learning disabilities......Page 82 6 Difficulties in reading......Page 96 7 Difficulties in writing and spelling......Page 110 8 Learning difficulties in mathematics......Page 128 9 Intellectual disability......Page 144 References......Page 158 Index......Page 186 The Book Explores A Number Of Different Perspectives And Theories On Human Learning And Motivation. The Author Examines Different Types Of Learning Across The Curriculum And Assesses The Most Effective Types Of Teaching To Facilitate Different Forms Of Learning. By Examining The Way Readers Process Text And Identifying The Knowledge And Skills Needed To Become A Proficient Reader, The Author Explains Why Learning Problems Can Sometimes Occur And What Can Be Done To Prevent Or Overcome These Difficulties. This text explores a number of different perspectives andtheories on human learning and motivation. The authorgives significant attention to different types of learningacross the curriculum and examines the most effectivetypes of teaching to facilitate different forms of learning. Detailed consideration is given to factors that contributeto common learning problems in school; and many practicalsuggestions are provided for preventing or overcomingsome of these difficulties