Law in Times of Crisis: Emergency Powers in Theory and Practice (Cambridge Studies in International and Comparative Law, Series Number 46)

The terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, and the ensuing 'war on terror' have focused attention on issues that have previously lurked in a dark corner at the edge of the legal universe. This book presents a systematic and comprehensive attempt by legal scholars to conceptualize the theory of emergency powers, combining post-September 11 developments with more general theoretical, historical and comparative perspectives. The authors examine the interface between law and violent crises through history and across jurisdictions, bringing together insights gleaned from the Roman republic and Jewish law through to the initial responses to the July 2005 attacks in London. Three models of emergency powers are used to offer a conceptualization of emergency regimes, giving a coherent insight into law's interface with and regulation of crisis and a distinctive means to evaluate the legal options open to states for dealing with crises. Half-title......Page 3 Series-title......Page 5 Title......Page 7 Copyright......Page 8 Dedication......Page 9 Contents......Page 11 Acknowledgments......Page 15 European Commission Human Rights......Page 17 European Court of Human Rights......Page 18 Germany......Page 19 United States......Page 20 Table of treaties......Page 23 Constitutions......Page 26 France......Page 27 United Kingdom......Page 28 Zimbabwe......Page 29 Inter-American Court of Human Rights......Page 30 United States......Page 31 Introduction......Page 33 Part I......Page 47 The Roman dictatorship......Page 49 The French "state of siege": origins......Page 58 Martial law in the United Kingdom: origins......Page 62 Emergency provisions in constitutional documents......Page 67 Constitutional necessity......Page 78 The authority to declare an emergency......Page 86 Legal results of a declaration of a state of emergency......Page 90 Checks and balances......Page 94 Modifying ordinary laws......Page 98 Special emergency legislation......Page 99 Interpretive accommodation......Page 104 'Each crisis brings its word and deed'......Page 111 2 Law for all seasons......Page 118 Ex parte Milligan......Page 121 Holding the line......Page 126 A strategy of resistance......Page 130 Myths, symbolism, and ideals......Page 133 Slippery slopes......Page 135 Perceptions and misperceptions......Page 137 3 Models of extra-legality......Page 142 Emergency jurisdiction and temporary measures in Jewish law......Page 145 Locke's theory of the prerogative power......Page 151 "Casting behind metaphysical subtleties"......Page 155 Dicey's 'spirit of legality'......Page 162 Searching for "moral politicians"......Page 164 Official disobedience......Page 166 Ex post ratification......Page 169 No security without law......Page 174 The case for rule departures......Page 178 Prospective and uncertain relief......Page 179 Courts and legislatures......Page 185 Giving reasons......Page 187 Ratifying egregious actions?......Page 188 Precedents......Page 191 Carl Schmitt's theory of the exception......Page 194 Decisionism and the Extra-Legal Measures model......Page 201 4 Five degrees of separation......Page 203 Normalcy and emergency: rule and exception......Page 204 Sequencing and temporal distinctions: separating the best and the worst of times......Page 206 Colonies and empire: the origins of DORA......Page 213 The curtailment of the right to silence in the United Kingdom......Page 215 Interrogation in depth in Finchley?......Page 220 From l’Algérie française to la France algérienne......Page 222 The war on terror: Guantanamo and beyond......Page 234 It's a bad world out there (II): domestic and foreign affairs......Page 237 The distinct sphere of "national security"......Page 246 Communal divisions: us vs. them......Page 252 The normalization of the exception......Page 260 Part II......Page 277 5 International human rights and emergencies......Page 279 Definitions of emergency......Page 281 Application of the models: Business as Usual......Page 284 Application of the models: accommodation......Page 287 International accommodation: constitutional and legislative......Page 288 Models of accommodation: interpretive accommodation......Page 295 The European human rights jurisprudence......Page 300 Judicial accommodation at the Inter-American Court......Page 321 Accommodation at the United Nations: the Human Rights Committee......Page 329 The gap between the theory and practice of emergency powers......Page 336 The Questiaux Report......Page 338 Paris Minimum Standards......Page 342 The Siracusa Principles: an attempt at concrete rules to limit abuse of emergencies......Page 345 Weakness of the "aberration" hypothesis......Page 347 Artificiality of formal emergencies......Page 350 The hidden emergency......Page 352 Concluding assessment......Page 354 6 Emergencies and humanitarian law......Page 358 Self-preservation, necessity, and self-defense in international law......Page 360 Internal armed conflicts and emergencies......Page 371 High-intensity emergencies......Page 373 Oversight of high-intensity emergencies......Page 377 Protocol I......Page 382 Protocol II......Page 383 Common Article 3......Page 387 Overlapping regimes: high meets low......Page 391 Conclusion......Page 395 7 Terrorism, emergencies, and international responses to contemporary threats......Page 397 Defining terrorism......Page 398 Models of emergency powers as applied to terrorism......Page 403 The "terrorism and law" interface......Page 416 The regulation of terrorism by international humanitarian law......Page 417 Suppression conventions......Page 426 The UN response to September 11......Page 432 Implementing Resolution 1373......Page 434 Human rights and other lacunae in operating Resolution 1373......Page 437 Contextualizing the UN response......Page 439 The European Framework Decision on Terrorism......Page 441 Definitional issues arising from the Framework Decision......Page 446 State responses to Resolution 1373 and the European Framework Decision......Page 449 Conclusion......Page 452 Bibliography......Page 454 Index......Page 501 This book presents the first systematic and comprehensive attempt by legal scholars to conceptualize the theory of emergency powers, combining post-September 11 developments with more general theoretical, historical and comparative perspectives. The authors examine the interface between law and violent crises through history and across jurisdictions, bringing together insights gleaned from the Roman republic and Jewish law through to the initial responses to the July 2005 attacks in London. Three unique models of emergency powers are used to offer a novel conceptualization of emergency regimes, giving a coherent insight into law's interface with and regulation of crisis and a distinctive means to evaluate the legal options open to states for dealing with crises Presenting A Systematic And Comprehensive Attempt By Legal Scholars To Conceptualize The Theory Of Emergency Powers, This Title Considers Post-september 11 Developments From Theoretical, Historical And Comparative Perspectives. Models Of Accommodation -- Law For All Seasons -- Models Of Extra-legality -- Five Degrees Of Separation -- International Human Rights And Emergencies -- Emergencies And Humanitarian Law -- Terrorism, Emergencies, And International Responses To Contemporary Threats. Oren Gross And Fionnuala Ní Aoláin. Includes Bibliographical References (p. 422-468) And Index.