Law and development perspective on international trade law : the Law and Development Institute

"This book gathers seventeen leading scholars to provide a relevant discussion of major topics of international trade law from the perspective of development"-- "Economic development is the most important agenda in the international trading system today, as demonstrated by the Doha Development Agenda (DDA) adopted in the current multilateral trade negotiations of the World Trade Organization (the Doha Round). This book provides a relevant discussion of major international trade law issues from the perspective of development in the following areas: general issues on international trade law and economic development; and specific law and development issues in World Trade Organization, Free Trade Agreement, and regional initiatives. Although there are publications on trade and development issues, mostly discussing developing countries, few publications deal with law and development issues of international trade law comprehensively in its key areas. This book offers an unparalleled breadth of coverage on the topic and diversity of authorship, as seventeen leading scholars contribute chapters from nine major developed and developing countries, including the United States, Canada, Japan, China (including Hong Kong), South Korea, Australia, Singapore, and Israel"-- Contents......Page 6 About the Editors and Authors......Page 10 ABOUT THE LAW AND DEVELOPMENT INSTITUTE......Page 12 Acknowledgments......Page 14 Introduction......Page 18 PART I DEVELOPING COUNTRIES AND INTERNATIONAL TRADE......Page 22 I. INTRODUCTION: POVERTY, TRADE, AND REGULATORY ISSUES......Page 24 A. Microtrade– Linking the World Market with Local Production......Page 27 B. Economic Mechanism of Microtrade......Page 30 a. Matching Supply and Demand......Page 33 b. Shipping and Distribution......Page 35 c. Financing and Production......Page 36 III. SETTING REGULATORY FRAMEWORK TO SUPPORT MICROTRADE......Page 37 IV. CONCLUSION: TRADE RATHER THAN AID......Page 41 I. INTRODUCTION......Page 46 A. Development Disputes Transcend International Development Law......Page 48 B. Development Disputes Transcend Developing–Developed Country Disputes over Differential Treatment......Page 50 C. Development Disputes Are Disputes That Affect Development Policy......Page 51 A. Disputes Relating to Economic Development Policy......Page 53 B. Disputes Relating to Rights-Based Development Policy......Page 55 C. Disputes Relating to Sustainable Development Policy......Page 56 IV. INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT DISPUTES IN THE WTO......Page 57 A. Constraining Development Disputes: Challenges to Members’ Economic Development Policy as WTO-Inconsistent......Page 58 B. Enabling Development Disputes: Challenges to Members’ Measures Constraining the Economic Development Policy of Other Members......Page 60 C. Defensive Development Disputes: Challenges to Members’ Measures Harmful to the Economic Development of Other Members, in Particular, Developing Countries......Page 61 V. ASSESSING THE IMPACT OF DEVELOPMENT DISPUTES IN THE WTO......Page 62 I. INTRODUCTION......Page 66 II. INTERNATIONALIZATION OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY......Page 70 A. Overview......Page 77 B. Granting Patent Protection......Page 79 C. Exhaustion of Intellectual Property Rights......Page 82 D. Exceptions to Owner Rights......Page 83 E. Technology Transfers and Competition Policy......Page 85 IV. CONCLUSION......Page 89 I. INTRODUCTION......Page 98 II. OCEAN TRANSIT......Page 100 III. CLAIMS IN WTO LAW......Page 103 IV. NATIONAL SECURITY AND PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW......Page 109 V. CONCLUSIONS......Page 116 PART II LAW AND DEVELOPMENT IN THE WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION......Page 120 I. INTRODUCTION......Page 122 A. Current Organization......Page 124 B. Case for the Council for Trade and Development......Page 125 C. Role of the Council for Trade and Development......Page 126 a. Development Assistance Policy Implementation......Page 127 III. RECLAIMING DEVELOPMENT IN WTO DISCIPLINES......Page 128 a. Article XVIII......Page 129 b. GATT Articles XXXVI–XXXVIII......Page 130 c. Enabling Clause......Page 131 d. Special and Differential Treatment Provisions......Page 132 a. The Agreement on Development Facilitation......Page 133 b. Adjustment to Tariff Bindings54......Page 134 c. Subsidy Treatment64......Page 136 d. The Suspension of Antidumping Measures, Trade-Related Investment Measures (TRIMs) Agreement, and TRIPS Agreement......Page 138 e. Extension of Special Treatment for LDCs......Page 143 IV. CONCLUSION......Page 144 I. INTRODUCTION......Page 147 A. Overview......Page 151 B. The ITO......Page 152 C. The Uruguayan Case......Page 153 A. Early GATT Rounds......Page 154 B. Haberler Report......Page 155 C. Dillon Round......Page 156 D. The Kennedy Round......Page 157 E. Tokyo Round......Page 158 IV. WAS SPECIAL AND DIFFERENTIAL TREATMENT THE MAIN OBJECTIVE AND FOCUS OF DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN THE GATT?......Page 159 A. Reciprocity and MFN......Page 160 C. Part IV of the GATT......Page 161 D. Enabling Clause......Page 162 V. THE URUGUAY ROUND (1986–1993)......Page 163 A. Launching the Uruguay Round (Punta del Este, December 1986)......Page 164 b. Textiles......Page 166 d. Services......Page 167 e. Assessment of the Role of Developing Countries......Page 168 c. TRIPS......Page 169 e. Assessment of the Role of Developing Countries......Page 170 d. Services......Page 171 e. Conclusion of the Uruguay Round......Page 172 f. Assessment of the Role of Developing Countries......Page 173 VI. CONCLUSIONS......Page 174 I. INTRODUCTION......Page 178 II. CAUSES OF THE IMBALANCE......Page 180 A. Lack of Resources......Page 181 B. Lack of Leverage to Enforce WTO Rulings......Page 184 C. High Indirect Costs......Page 186 A. Global Financial Crisis......Page 187 B. Climate Change......Page 188 C. Changes in the Economic Balance of Power......Page 189 A. Greater Legal Assistance and Attorneys Fees......Page 190 B. Monetary Damages......Page 191 V. CONCLUSION......Page 192 I. INTRODUCTION......Page 196 A. Work on Trade, SIDS and Development......Page 197 B. Tonga, Vanuatu, and Samoa: Economic Background......Page 199 C. Special Problems of SIDS......Page 205 A. Introduction to the Accession Process......Page 208 B. Provisions on Accessions......Page 209 Membership Has Its Benefits......Page 210 The Accession Process......Page 211 C. A Commitment Too Far: Vanuatu......Page 214 D. Changes in Accessions Policy......Page 215 E. Conclusion......Page 216 A. Introduction......Page 217 Tariff Preferences......Page 218 Longer Transition Periods......Page 220 Technical Assistance......Page 221 Categorization of “Developing Countries” and “LDCs”......Page 223 A. WTO-Lite– Differentiated Undertakings......Page 227 B. Accessions Disciplines......Page 229 C. Operationalizing SDT......Page 230 VI. CONCLUSION......Page 231 PART III LAW AND DEVELOPMENT IN FREE TRADE AGREEMENTS......Page 240 I. INTRODUCTION......Page 242 II. THE REGULATION OF RTAS UNDER THE WTO LAW......Page 244 III. THE ECONOMIC PROSPECTS FOR NORTH–SOUTH RTAS......Page 249 IV. THE RISKS OF NORTH–SOUTH RTAS......Page 254 V. ENHANCING THE PROSPECT OF NORTH–SOUTH RTAS FOR DEVELOPING COUNTRIES......Page 256 VI. CONCLUDING REMARKS......Page 257 I. PROLIFERATION OF FREE TRADE AGREEMENTS......Page 263 II. PROLIFERATION OF FTAS AND THE INTERESTS OF DEVELOPING COUNTRIES......Page 266 A. An Overview......Page 269 B. Key Provisions of Article XXIV of the GATT......Page 270 C. Understanding on the Interpretation of Article XXIV of GATT 1994......Page 271 D. “Shall not be on the whole higher or more restrictive than before”......Page 274 A. An Overview......Page 275 B. Investment......Page 277 C. Competition Policy......Page 280 D. Trade Remedies......Page 282 a. Procedures in BITs......Page 286 b. Procedures in FTAs......Page 287 V. CONCLUSION– SHOULD THERE BE AN FTA NETWORK?......Page 289 I. INTRODUCTION......Page 294 A. Obligations to Enact National Labor Laws......Page 296 B. Obligations to Enforce National Labor Laws......Page 298 C. Respect for Regulatory, Investigative, and Prosecutorial Discretion and Resource Constraints at the National Level......Page 299 D. Treaty Dispute Resolution Procedures......Page 300 E. Conclusions on Recent U.S. FTAs......Page 301 III. RECENT EU INITIATIVES......Page 302 A. General Contours of Council Regulation (EC) No. 732/2008......Page 303 B. International Legal Rules Applicable to GSP Arrangements......Page 305 C. Concerns Regarding the Legality of Council Regulation (EC) No.732/2008......Page 306 D. “Development. . .Needs,” “Sustainable Development,” and Human Rights......Page 309 IV. CONCLUDING OBSERVATIONS......Page 312 I. REGIONALISM IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE AND INVESTMENT......Page 314 II. DEVELOPMENT AND FREE TRADE......Page 317 III. OPTIMAL COMBINATION WITH FDI?......Page 323 IV. CONCLUSION......Page 326 PART IV LAW AND DEVELOPMENT IN REGIONAL INITIATIVES......Page 332 I. INTRODUCTION......Page 334 II. THE PROBLEMS OF A UNITARY DEVELOPMENT POLICY......Page 335 A. Inefficiency......Page 336 C. Lack of Predictability – Which States Are the Developing Countries?......Page 337 III. CHINA AS A DEVELOPING COUNTRY AND THE UNITARY DEVELOPMENT POLICY......Page 339 IV. A PROPOSAL FOR SUBSTATE REGIONAL TRADE DEVELOPMENT......Page 342 V. CONCLUSION......Page 347 I. INTRODUCTION......Page 351 II. EVOLUTION OF THE GSP SCHEMES......Page 353 A. The GSP Schemes of the European Union......Page 354 B. The GSP Schemes of the United States......Page 358 III. THE U.S. GSP SCHEMES AND THE LDCS......Page 362 IV. PROBLEMS WITH GSP SCHEMES AND FEASIBLE REMEDIES......Page 364 C. Supply Constraints in the LDCs......Page 368 V. CONCLUDING REMARKS......Page 369 I. INTRODUCTION......Page 373 A. Earlier Success and Economic Decline of North Korea......Page 375 B. North Koreas Economic Reform Policies and Limitations......Page 377 A. A New Model for Economic Development......Page 382 B. Public Health in North Korea......Page 387 C. Legal Reform for Economic Development......Page 388 IV. CONCLUSION......Page 390 I. INTRODUCTION......Page 393 A. Definition of the Specificity Requirement......Page 395 B. The History of the Specificity Test in the SCM Agreement......Page 396 C. Inherent Problems in the Concept......Page 399 III. SPECIFICITY OF THE TWO FREE, THREE HALF TAX PROGRAM IN THE CFS CASE......Page 401 B. USDOCs Position and an Evaluation......Page 405 IV. ARE OWNERSHIP-SPECIFIC SUBSIDIES COUNTERVAILABLE?......Page 406 V. POLICY IMPLICATIONS FOR DEVELOPING COUNTRIES AND CONCLUSIONS......Page 408 17 Nonconclusions......Page 412 Epilogue......Page 420 Index......Page 422 Machine generated contents note: Part I. Developing Countries and International Trade: 1. Law and development for lease-developed countries: theoretical basis and regulatory framework for microtrade Yong-Shik Lee; 2. Development disputes in international trade Tomer Broude; 3. Intellectual property rights, trade, and economic development Bryan Mercurio; 4. Trade, border security, and development Maureen Irish; Part II. Law and Development in the World Trade Organization: 5. World Trade Organization and developing countries: reform proposal Yong-Shik Lee; 6. Rediscovering the role of developing countries in GATT/WTO before the Doha Round Faizel Ismail; 7. The WTO dispute settlement from the perspective of developing countries Gary Horlick and Katherine Fennell; 8. Pacific countries in the WTO: accession and accommodation, the reality of WTO accession Andrew Mitchell and Joanne Wallis; Part III. Law and Development in Free Trade Agreements: 9. North-South regional trade agreements: prospects, risks, and legal regulation Moche Hirsch; 10. Free trade agreements: WTO disciplines and development perspectives Mitsuo Matsushita and Yong-Shik Lee; 11. FTAs, developing countries, and human rights conditionality Anthony Cassimatis; 12. Free trade agreement and foreign direct investment: a viable answer for economic development? Yong-Shik Lee; Part IV. Law and Development in Regional Initiatives 13. Islands of prosperity and poverty: a rational trade development policy for economically heterogeneous states Colin Picker; 14. The generalized system of preferences of the United States: does it promote industrialization and economic growth in least developed countries? Caf Dowlah; 15. Economic development of North Korea: call for international trade based development policy and legal reform Yong-Shik Lee, Young-Ok Kim and Hye Seong Mun; 16. Applying the 'specificity' test of the WTO subsidy rule in the context of China's foreign investment policies Xiaojie Lu; 17. Non-Conclusion Gary Horlick. "Economic development is the most important agenda in the international trading system today, as demonstrated by the Doha Development Agenda (DDA) adopted in the current multilateral trade negotiations of the World Trade Organization (the Doha Round). This book provides a relevant discussion of major international trade law issues from the perspective of development in the following areas: general issues on international trade law and economic development; and specific law and development issues in World Trade Organization, Free Trade Agreement, and regional initiatives. Although there are publications on trade and development issues, mostly discussing developing countries, few publications deal with law and development issues of international trade law comprehensively in its key areas. This book offers an unparalleled breadth of coverage on the topic and diversity of authorship, as seventeen leading scholars contribute chapters from nine major developed and developing countries, including the United States, Canada, Japan, China (including Hong Kong), South Korea, Australia, Singapore, and Israel"-- Provided by publisher