Late Ottoman Society: The Intellectual Legacy (Soas Routledgecurzon Studies on the Middle East)

When the Ottomans commenced their modernizing reforms in the 1830s, they still ruled over a vast empire. In addition to today's Turkey, including Anatolia and Thrace, their power reached over Mesopotamia, North Africa, the Levant, the Balkans, and the Caucasus. The Sultanate was at the apex of a truly multi-ethnic society. Modernization not only brought market principles to the economy and more complex administrative controls as part of state power, but also new educational institutions as well as new ideologies. Thus new ideologies developed and nationalism emerged, which became a political reality when the Empire reached its end. This book compares the different intellectual atmospheres between the pre-republican and the republican periods and identifies the roots of republican authoritarianism in the intellectual heritage of the earlier period. Book Cover......Page 1 Half-Title......Page 2 Title......Page 4 Copyright......Page 5 Contents......Page 6 Illustrations......Page 8 Contributors......Page 11 Preface......Page 13 Acknowledgements......Page 16 Abbreviations......Page 17 Introduction......Page 18 Authoritarianism and Westernization......Page 19 A divided middle class......Page 20 The banned ulema......Page 22 Overview of the book......Page 24 Conclusion......Page 28 Notes......Page 29 1 Ottoman sources of Kemalist thought......Page 30 Secularism......Page 32 Nationalism......Page 34 How does Kemalist nationalism fit into this picture?......Page 36 Populism and etatism......Page 38 Notes......Page 41 2 Blueprints for a future society......Page 44 The impact of German popular materialism after Feuerbach on late Ottoman materialism......Page 45 Science reigns supreme: Besir Fu’ad Bey......Page 49 Besir Fu’ad and the implications of Vulgarmaterialismus for literature......Page 52 A materialist mujtahid: Doctor Abdullah Cevdet......Page 54 Abdullah Cevdet on literature, poetry, and science......Page 59 Abdullah Cevdet’s attempt to fuse materialism with Islam......Page 64 Alternatives to orthodox Islam in fusing religion and materialism......Page 76 Vulgarmaterialismus as the philosophy of the future: Baha Tevfik Bey......Page 82 Baha Tevfik and the limits of science......Page 86 Baha Tevfik on literature......Page 90 Baha Tevfik and the ethical foundations of the future society......Page 93 Conclusion: the legacy of late Ottoman materialism......Page 95 Acknowledgements......Page 102 Notes......Page 103 3 Whom did Ahmed Cevdet represent?......Page 134 Cevdet on himself......Page 136 The ‘we’ of the Ta’rih-i Cevdet......Page 138 Cevdet’s state......Page 139 Unity and order......Page 140 State servants......Page 141 Representing the state......Page 143 Notes......Page 144 4 Women in Late Ottoman intellectual history......Page 152 Recent findings......Page 155 Elite women in the classical Ottoman and Early Modern eras......Page 156 Elite and non-elite women in the modern era......Page 158 The Ottomans’ ‘Age of Empire’......Page 160 The Hamidian press......Page 161 Non-elite women in modern Ottoman intellectual history......Page 168 The Young Turk era......Page 171 Conclusion......Page 172 Notes......Page 173 5 Turban and fez......Page 180 Rapprochement between the ulema and the Committee of Union and Progress......Page 183 Three ulema pamphlets against the regime......Page 184 İkinci Hutbe (Second Sermon)......Page 190 New conceptions of history......Page 196 Political conceptions......Page 200 The Caliphate......Page 202 Secular and Islamic law......Page 204 The quest for activism......Page 205 Notes......Page 207 6 Pan-Islamism in practice......Page 220 The nature of pan-Islamism......Page 221 The Ottomans viewed by other Muslims......Page 226 The Muslims of India......Page 227 The Bukharans......Page 231 Pan-Islamism and anti-colonial revolution......Page 235 Conclusion......Page 239 Notes......Page 240 Books and newspapers in a multi-ethnic society......Page 244 Book production......Page 246 ‘Books printed in Constantinople’: Western observers and Ottoman book production......Page 247 Booksellers’ catalogues......Page 248 Tefrika and forma......Page 249 Public reading rooms......Page 250 Booksellers and publishers......Page 251 Ebuzziya Tevfik......Page 253 Ibrahim Hilmi (Cigiracan)......Page 254 Censorship and censors......Page 255 Communication between the communities......Page 256 Mudafaa......Page 259 Conclusion......Page 260 Notes......Page 262 8 Christian community schools during the Ottoman reform period......Page 274 Greek schools......Page 277 Orthodox Arab schools......Page 279 Bulgarian schools......Page 280 Orthodox Albanian schools......Page 283 Armenian schools......Page 284 Official Ottoman attitude towards Christian community schools......Page 287 Conclusion......Page 289 Notes......Page 290 9 Levantine state muftis......Page 294 The Ottoman Shaykh al-Islam......Page 295 The Provincial Muftis......Page 296 Syria......Page 297 The French Mandate in Syria......Page 299 The French Mandate in Lebanon......Page 302 Conclusion......Page 304 Notes......Page 306 10 The Albanian students of the Mekteb-i Mulkiye......Page 308 A heterogeneous group emerging from a common educational and professional mould......Page 309 Between the native region and the Ottoman capital......Page 313 Albanianism and Ottomanism: two sides of the same coin......Page 316 Administrators and intellectuals in the service of the state......Page 321 Notes......Page 323 Albanian Mulkiyelis who died before 1912–13......Page 330 Albanian Mulkiyelis who left the Ottoman administration before the Balkan Wars, but about whom we have no further information......Page 331 Albanian Mulkiyelis who had never entered or who had left the Ottoman administration before the Balkan Wars and lived outside Turkey thereafter......Page 332 Albanian Mulkiyelis who left the Ottoman administration in 1912–13 and went to Albania......Page 337 Mulkiyelis who left the Ottoman administration around 1912–13 and were in Albania in the 1920s......Page 346 Albanian Mulkiyelis who left the Ottoman administration around 1912–13 but for whom we have no other information......Page 347 Albanian Mulkiyelis who left the Ottoman administration until the early 1920s and then left the Ottoman Empire......Page 348 Albanian Mulkiyelis who oscillated between Albania and Turkey......Page 351 Albanian Mulkiyelis who continued to serve the Ottoman Empire after 1912–13, but died before 1920......Page 353 Albanian Mulkiyelis who continued to served the Ottoman Empire after 1912–13, but for whom we have no information for the subsequent years......Page 355 ‘Albanian’ Mulkiyelis who continued to serve the Ottoman Empire and later the Republic of Turkey......Page 356 Albanian Mulkiyelis who never entered the Ottoman administration but remained in Turkey......Page 360 Index......Page 362 This Volume Brings Together A Set Of Essays Dealing With Intellectual Developments In Late Ottoman Society. Under The Impact Of European Expansionism And Modernization The Ottoman Empire Underwent Profound Transformations. Important Features Were The Development Of A Market Economy And Modern Political And Administrative Structures; The Splitting Up Of The Empire Into Separate Nation-states; And The Coming Into Being Of A Professional Middle Class And Various Groups Of Modern Intellectuals.--jacket. Introduction / Elisabeth Ozdalga -- 1. Ottoman Sources Of Kemalist Thought / Erik-jan Zurcher -- 2. Blueprints For A Future Society : Late Ottoman Materialists On Science, Religion, And Art / Sukru Hanioglu -- 3. Whom Did Ahmed Cevdet Represent? / Christoph K. Neumann -- 4. Women In Late Ottoman Intellectual History / Elizabeth B. Frierson -- 5. Turban And Fez : Ulema As Opposition / Ismail Kara -- 6. Pan-islamism In Practice : The Rhetoric Of Muslim Unity And Its Uses / Adeeb Khalid -- 7. 'kutup Ve Resail-i Mevkute' : Printing And Publishing In A Multi-ethnic Society / Johann Strauss -- 8. Christian Community Schools During The Ottoman Reform Period / Aksin Somel -- 9. Levantine State Muftis : An Ottoman Legacy? / Jakob Skovgaard-petersen -- 10. Albanian Students Of The Mekteb-i-mulkiye : Social Networks And Trends Of Thought / Nathalie Clayer -- App. Biographies Of Albanian Students Of The Mekteb-i Mulkiye / Nathalie Clayer. Edited By Elisabeh Özdalga. Simultaneously Published In The Usa And Canada. Includes Bibliographical References And Index.