Language Variation -- European Perspectives IV : Selected Papers From the Sixth International Conference on Language Variation in Europe (ICLaVE 6), Freiburg, June 2011

The eighteen contributions in this volume are based on papers presented at the 6th International Conference on Language Variation in Europe (ICLaVE 6), which was held at the University of Freiburg, Germany, from June 29 to July 1, 2011. The volume includes plenaries by Sjef Barbiers (‘Where is syntactic variation?’) and Arnulf Deppermann/ Stefan Kleiner & Ralf Knöbl (‘Standard usage’: Towards a realistic conception of spoken standard German). In addition, the editors have selected 16 papers ranging over a wide field of languages/varieties and topics. The languages and varieties covered are Belarusian, British English, Catalan, Dutch, Gaelic, Gallo-Italic, Greek, Italian, Occitan, Rhaeto-Romance, Russian, Scottish English, Swedish, Turkish, and several varieties of German. The majority of the papers deal with phonetic and phonological variation (Caro Reina; Deppermann, Kleiner and Knöbl; Katerbow; Moosmüller and Scheutz; Schützler; Schleef; West; Zeller; Ziegler), but morphological variation (Cornips and Hulk; Dal Negro), morphosyntactic variation (Melissaropoulou, Themistocleous, Tsiplakou and Tsolakidis), and syntactic variation (Barbiers; Håkansson; Rothmayr) are also represented. Additional papers deal with code-switching. SILV 14 Language Variation – European Perspectives IV 2 Editorial page 3 Title page 4 LCC data 5 Table of contents 6 Introduction 8 Where is syntactic variation? 16 1. Introduction 16 2. Current infrastructure for dialect syntax research 17 2.1 Large scale dialect syntax projects 17 2.2 Usability of dialect syntax databases 18 3. Syntactic doubling 21 3.1 Definition 21 3.2 Examples of syntactic doubling 23 3.3 Heterogeneity of syntactic doubling 24 4. Syntactic variation and the mental grammar 26 4.1 Syntactic doubling as the rule 26 4.2 Syntactic doubling and dyadic relations 29 4.3 Syntactic variation and morphology 32 5. Syntactic variation and the other shells of the language variation model 33 5.1 Syntactic variation and cognition 33 5.2 Syntactic variation and the body 35 5.3 Syntactic variation and society 37 6. Conclusion 39 References 40 Phonological variation in Catalan and Alemannic from a typological perspective 42 1. The typology of syllable and word languages 42 2. Catalan dialects 45 3. Alemannic dialects 49 4. Conclusions 55 References 56 Language ideologies and language attitudes 60 1. Introduction 60 2. Theorizing language ideology 61 3. Researching language ideologies 63 4. Some conclusions 68 References 69 Late child acquisition and identity construction 72 1. Introduction 72 2. Linguistic factor: count/mass distinctions in nouns and determiners 74 2.1 Methodology 75 2.2 Results of the monolingual children and discussion 76 2.3 Results of the bilingual children and discussion 78 3. Spontaneous speech data and identity work 79 4. Conclusion 81 References 82 The variation of gender agreement on numerals in the Alpine space 84 1. Introduction 84 2. Numerals as linguistic objects 87 3. Gender agreement on ‘2’ and ‘3’ 89 4. Relating different phenomena 92 5. Conclusions 95 References 96 ‘Standard usage’ 98 1. Theoretical background: Discussing concepts of standard German 98 2. The corpus ‘German today’ [Deutsch heute] 106 2.1 The speech events 106 2.2 The sample 107 2.3 Data analysis will include 108 2.4 Research questions 108 3. Results 109 3.1 The pronunciation of word-initial 〈ch〉 109 3.2 The pronunciation of unstressed 〈ig〉 111 3.3 French loanwords ending in 〈on〉 116 3.4 The phoneme /ɛː/ 117 3.5 Weak forms of the indefinite article 119 4. Preliminary conclusions 126 References 128 Code alternation patterns in bilingual family conversations 132 1. Introduction 132 2. Research procedure 133 3. Analysis 134 3.1 Examples of switching from the language preference-related end of the continuum 134 3.2 Examples of switching from the discourse-functional end of the continuum. 136 4. Discussion/Conclusion 141 References 142 A variationist approach to syntactic change 144 1. Introduction 144 2. Subordinate clause word order in Swedish 146 3. Linguistic variation and change: Some basic assumptions 147 4. Syntactic variation and innovation in Old Swedish 148 5. Syntactic macro-variation in Early Modern Swedish 151 6. Conclusion 155 References 156 Appendix: Sources 157 Investigated Old Swedish Texts 157 Early Old Swedish 157 Late Old Swedish I 157 Late Old Swedish II 157 Investigated Early Modern Swedish Texts (*indicates year of birth) 157 Cited texts 158 Children’s switching/shifting competence in role-playing 160 1. Introduction 160 2. Research questions 161 3. The study 162 4. Findings 164 4.1 Type of speaker 164 4.2 The influence of the roles 165 4.3 Variable-specific differences 166 4.4 Interaction between all three factors 168 5. Discussion 169 References 170 The present perfect in Cypriot Greek revisited 174 1. Introduction 174 2. The Present Perfect in Greek 175 2.1 The Present Perfect in Standard Greek and in Greek dialects 175 2.2 The Present Perfect in Cypriot Greek 177 3. The quantitative study 180 3.1 Hypotheses 180 3.2 Design 181 3.3 Participants 181 3.4 Results 181 3.4.1 Hypercorrective Present Perfect A 182 3.4.2 Acceptability of experiential Present Perfect A 182 3.4.3 Acceptability of resultative Present Perfect A 183 3.4.4 Acceptability of the resultative vs. the experiential Present Perfect A in ­Standard Modern Greek 183 3.4.5 Acceptability of the resultative vs. experiential Present Perfect A in Cypriot Greek 184 4. Discussion 184 5. Conclusions 185 References 186 Chain shifts revisited 188 1. Introduction 188 1.1 The Viennese monophthongisation 189 1.2 The merger of /e/ and /ε/ 190 2. Method 192 3. Diphthongs in the city dialect of Salzburg 192 4. The vowels /ε/ and /e/ 193 4.1 /ε/ and /e/ in the city dialect of Vienna 193 4.2 /ε/ and /e/ in the city dialect of Salzburg 196 5. Discussion 198 References 200 And the beat goes on 202 1. Introduction 202 2. Variation within the Minimalist Program 203 3. Prosodic structure 204 3.1 Selkirk’s system 204 3.2 Patterns of levels 2 and 3 206 3.3 The construction of the phonological phrase 208 3.4 Summary 210 4. Mapping of syntactic structure onto PF 210 4.1 Syntactic analyses of the verb cluster 210 4.2 Linearization and phonological licensing 211 4.3 VR and VPR 212 4.4 Modals and auxiliaries 213 5. Conclusion 213 References 214 Migrant teenagers’ acquisition of sociolinguistic variation 216 1. Introduction 216 2. Methods 217 3. Results 220 4. Discussion 224 4.1 Are Polish adolescent immigrants acquiring the same constraints on variation as their local peer group? 224 4.2 Are some kinds of structured variation acquired faster than others by second language speakers? 225 5. Conclusion 226 References 227 The sociophonology and sociophonetics of Scottish Standard English (r) 230 1. Conceptualising variability of (r) as sequential binary choices 230 2. Research context 231 2.1 SSE as a contact variety 231 2.2 A (very short) outline of variability of (r) in Scottish English 232 2.3 Research questions and hypotheses 233 3. Data and methodology 233 3.1 The sample 233 3.2 Hierarchical data-structures and hierarchical models 233 3.3 Conditional hierarchical logistic regression analysis 234 3.4 Predictors 236 4. Analysis 237 5. Conclusion 241 References 242 Stance and code-switching 244 1. Introduction 244 2. Gaelic 247 3. Methodology 248 4. Affective Stance 248 5. Epistemic Stance 251 6. Conclusion 258 Transcription Conventions Used 258 References 259 A town between dialects 262 1. Introduction 263 2. Political boundaries: A potential barrier to levelling? 264 2.1 Linguistic variables 266 3. Methodology 267 3.1 Speaker sample 267 3.2 Data elicitation 267 4. Results 268 4.1 Social and linguistic variation in /t/ 268 4.2 Social and linguistic variation in /k/ 269 4.3 Extra-linguistic data 271 4.4 Attitudinal data 273 5. Convergence or divergence? Initial evidence from the social and linguistic data 275 References 276 Websites: 277 APPENDIX 278 Variation of sibilants in Belarusian-Russian mixed speech 282 1. Introduction 282 2. Current study 284 2.1 The variables 284 2.1.1 The variable (s j) 284 2.1.2 The variable (t j) 285 2.1.3 The variable (ʧ j) 285 2.2 Aims 286 2.3 Data base and methods 286 2.4 Results 287 2.4.1 Overview 287 2.4.2 Group comparisons 288 3. Summary 293 References 293 The case of [nən] 296 1. Introduction 296 2. Debating the standard 297 3. Paradigm of the indefinite article 299 4. Corpus 300 5. Results 302 6. Discussion 305 References 307 Index 310 Introduction / Peter Auer, Javier Caro Reina & Göz Kaufmann -- Where Is Syntactic Variation? / Sjef Barbiers -- Phonological Variation In Catalan And Alemannic From A Typological Perspectve / Javier Caro Reina -- Language Ideologies And Language Attitudes: A Linguistic Anthropological Perspective / Jillian R. Cavanaugh -- Late Language Acquisition And Identy Contruction: Variation In Use Of The Dutch Definite Determiners De And Het / Leonie Cornips & Aafke Hulk -- The Variation Of Gender Agreement On Numerals In The Alpine Space / Silvia Dal Negro -- 'standard Usage': Towards A Realistic Conception Of Spoken Standard German / Arnulf Deppermann, Sefan Kleiner & Ralf Knöbl -- Code Alternation Patterns In Bilingual Family Conversations: Implications For An Integrated Model Of Analysis / Marianthi Georgalidou, Hasan Kaili & Aytac Celtek -- A Variationist Approach To Syntactic Change: The Case Of Subordinate Clause Word Order In The History Of Swedish / David Håkansson -- Children's Switching/shifting Competence In Role-playing / Matthias Katerbow. Edited By Peter Auer, Javier Caro Reina And Göz Kaufmann, Freiburg Institute For Advanced Studies. Includes Bibliographical References And Index. In recent years a new form has emerged in the paradigm of the indefinite article, the so-called "extended short form" nen (Vogel 2006) as in: Ich hab' nen Mann gesehen. As little is known about the origin of this form (when was it used first, by whom, and in what contexts?), this paper will trace the history of nen using several corpora of colloquial German that cover language use in the 1960s, 1970s and 2000s (Pfeffer-Corpus, Freiburger-Corpus, Dialogstrukturen-Corpus, Emergency-Call-Corpus). Quantitative analyses reveal distinct patterns of variation, which indicate a la Contains papers presented at the 6th International Conference on Language Variation in Europe (ICLaVE 6), which was held at the University of Freiburg, Germany, from June 29 to July 1, 2011. This title deals with phonetic and phonological variation, morphological variation, morphosyntactic variation, and syntactic variation. Features eighteen contributions that are based on papers presented at the 6th International Conference on Language Variation in Europe (ICLaVE 6), which was held at the University of Freiburg, Germany, from June 29 to July 1, 2011.