Language Planning in the Post-Communist Era : The Struggles for Language Control in the New Order in Eastern Europe, Eurasia and China

Annotation This volume provides an in-depth analysis of the attempts of language experts and governments to control language use and development in Eastern Europe, Eurasia and China through planned activities generally known as language planning or language policy. The ten case studies presented here examine language planning in China, Russia, Tatarstan, Central Asia, Ukraine, Lithuania, Latvia, Poland, Slovakia and the Czech Republic, and focus in particular on developments and disputes that have occurred since the 'fall of communism' and the emergence of a new order in the late 1980s. Its authors highlight the dominant issues with which language planning is invariably intertwined. These include power politics, tensions between 'official language' and 'minority languages', and the effects of a country's particular political, social, cultural and psychological environment. Offering a detailed account of the socio-political and ideological developments that underlie language planning in these regions, this book will provide a valuable resource for students and scholars of linguistics, cultural studies, political science, sociology and history Contents 6 Notes on Contributors 8 List of Tables 11 1: Introduction 12 Outlines of the Case Studies* 15 Language and the State in Imperial China 16 Language Policy and Planning in the Chinese Republic, 1912–1949 17 Language Policy and Planning Under Communist Rule, 1949–1977 17 Language Policy, Planning and Debates in the Reform Era, 1978–2016 18 Conclusion 20 Introduction 20 Historical Background 20 Language Planning in Pre-communist Era, 1855–1917 21 Language Policy in the Communist Era 21 Language Policy in the Russian Federation 22 Introduction 23 Historical Background 24 Language Planning in the Pre-communist Era 24 Language Policy in the Communist Era 25 Language Planning in the Post-totalitarian Era 25 Historical Background 31 Language Planning in the First Lithuanian Republic 32 Language Policies During the Soviet Occupation (1945–1990) 33 Language Planning in Post-Soviet Lithuania (1990–Present) 33 Historical Background 39 Language Planning in Pre-communist Era 41 Language Policy in the Communist Era 41 Language Planning in the Post-totalitarian Era 41 Introduction 42 Historical Background 43 Language Planning in the Pre-communist Era 43 Language Policy in the Communist Era 44 Language Planning in the Post-totalitarian Era 45 References 46 2: Language Planning: Theoretical Background 47 The Conceptual Framework 48 Definition 48 Typology 49 Terminology 51 Motivations 54 Instruments and Methods 61 Addendum 64 Historical Origins of Activities Named ‘Language Planning’ 64 Development and Significance of the Subject ‘Language Planning’ 65 References 70 3: Language Planning and Policy in China: Unity, Diversity and Social Control 76 Language and the State in Imperial China 77 Language Policy and Planning in the Chinese Republic, 1912–1949 79 Language Policy and Planning Under Communist Rule, 1949–1977 80 Language Policy, Planning and Debates in the Reform Era, 1978–2017 83 Linguistic Engineering 83 Putonghua and the Chinese ‘Dialects’2 85 Putonghua and the Languages of China’s Ethnic Minorities 91 Conclusion 95 References 97 4: Language Policy in Russia: Nation, Nationalism, and Language 102 Background Information 102 Language Policies in the Russian Empire 104 Language Policy in the Soviet Union 106 Language Policy in the Russian Federation 109 Political Unity vs. Linguistic Diversity 109 ‘Language Protection’ Legislation 120 Conclusion 121 References 124 5: Language Policy and Power Politics in Post-Soviet Tatarstan 128 Historical Background 129 Language Planning in the Pre-communist Era 130 Language Policy in the Communist Era 132 Language Planning in the Post-totalitarian Era 134 Conclusion 149 References 151 6: Language Policy and Hegemony in the Turkic Republics 154 Historical Background 155 Language Planning in Pre-Soviet Era 156 Language Policy in the Soviet Era 158 Attitudes Toward Independence in the Post-­Soviet Era 159 Post-Soviet Language Policy in Uzbekistan 160 Post-Soviet Language Policy in Kazakhstan 162 Post-Soviet Language Policy in Kyrgyzstan 165 Post-Soviet Language Policy in Turkmenistan 167 Post-Soviet Language Policy in Azerbaijan 168 Conclusion 170 References 174 7: Language Policy in Independent Ukraine: A Battle for National and Linguistic Empowerment 177 Background Information 177 Language Policy in the Post-Soviet Ukraine 179 The Early Independence Years 181 A Decade of Wasted Opportunities 183 Between the First and Second Maidans 185 Back to the Future: Language Developments in Post-Euromaidan Ukraine 189 Conclusion 194 References 197 8: Lithuanian Language Planning: A Battle for Language and Power 201 Historical Background 202 Language Planning in the Pre-communist Era 204 Language Policy in the Communist Era 206 Language Planning in the Post-totalitarian Era 208 Establishment of Legal Framework 208 Institutions for Language Planning and Surveillance 212 Discursive Construction of the Need for Language Regulation 216 Conclusion 221 Sources 223 References 225 9: Language Planning in Latvia as a Struggle for National Sovereignty 227 History of Latvian 228 Unofficial Language Planning (Nineteenth Century) 229 Language Policies in Latvia During Independence (1918–1940) 231 Soviet (1940–1990) Language Policy 232 Second Independence Period 236 Legislation 238 Education System 239 Language Instruction 240 Contemporary Language Change and Public Attitudes to It 241 Controversies and Ethnic Cleavage/Divide 242 Conclusion 244 References 245 10: The Polish Language Act: Legislating a Complicated Linguistic-Political Landscape 249 Relevant Concepts 250 What Languages? A Brief History of Polish Language 251 Foreign Influences 253 1918: Regaining Independence After 123 Years 255 WWII 255 The Polish Language Act: Why Was It Needed? 256 The Polish Language Act: Legislation 258 The Implementation 260 The Controversy 262 Conclusion 265 References 266 11: Language Planning in Slovakia: Nation-­Building in the Context of European Integration 269 In the Kingdom of Hungary (1000–1918) 271 In Inter-war Czechoslovakia (1918–1938) 274 In War-Time Slovakia, Post-war and Communist Czechoslovakia (1938–1989) 275 In Post-communist Czechoslovakia (1989–1992) 278 Independent Slovakia (since 1993) 278 Status Planning for Czech 279 Corpus Planning for Slovak 280 Standardization of Rusyn 281 Conflicts over the Status of Slovak and Hungarian 282 Conclusion 287 References 290 12: Forms of Language Planning and Policy in the Czech Republic 295 Historical Background 296 Language Planning Between the Two World Wars 298 Language Policy in the Communist Era 299 Language Planning in the Post-totalitarian Era 300 Common Czech 306 Minority Languages 306 Language-Acquisition Legislation 309 Foreign-Language Influences 310 Conclusion 311 References 314 Index 317 Front Matter ....Pages i-xiii Introduction (Ernest Andrews)....Pages 1-35 Language Planning: Theoretical Background (Ernest Andrews)....Pages 37-65 Language Planning and Policy in China: Unity, Diversity and Social Control (Fengyuan Ji)....Pages 67-92 Language Policy in Russia: Nation, Nationalism, and Language (Joan F. Chevalier)....Pages 93-118 Language Policy and Power Politics in Post-Soviet Tatarstan (Teresa Wigglesworth-Baker)....Pages 119-144 Language Policy and Hegemony in the Turkic Republics (Ayse Dietrich)....Pages 145-167 Language Policy in Independent Ukraine: A Battle for National and Linguistic Empowerment (Vladislava Reznik)....Pages 169-192 Lithuanian Language Planning: A Battle for Language and Power (Loreta Vaicekauskienė, Nerijus Šepetys)....Pages 193-218 Language Planning in Latvia as a Struggle for National Sovereignty (Andrejs Veisbergs)....Pages 219-240 The Polish Language Act: Legislating a Complicated Linguistic-Political Landscape (Magda Stroińska, Ernest Andrews)....Pages 241-260 Language Planning in Slovakia: Nation-Building in the Context of European Integration (Marián Sloboda, Lucia Molnár Satinská, Mira Nábělková)....Pages 261-286 Forms of Language Planning and Policy in the Czech Republic (Hana Srpova)....Pages 287-308 Back Matter ....Pages 309-316