Language Development: An Introduction (8th Edition) (Allyn & Bacon Communication Sciences and Disorders)

This leading and comprehensive text on language development is rich in information, research, examples, and activities. A thorough and readable introductory text on language development, this book covers all aspects of the complex subject — including syntax, morphology, semantics, phonology, and pragmatics — while explaining each idea and concept in a way that is easily understandable by even beginning students of the field. Rich in pedagogical aids like discussion questions, chapter objectives, reflections, and main point boxed features, the eighth edition of Language Development also emphasizes culturally and linguistically diverse children and bilingual and dialectical developmental information — a discussion that accurately reflects the diversity of life and language in the United States. 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Chapter Discussion 52 Chapter Main Points 52 Chapter Reflections 53 2 Describing Language 55 Linguistic Theory 56 Nature versus Nurture 57 Generative Approach 57 Constructionist Approach 1 Conclusion 62 Language Research and Analysis 62 Issues in the Study of Child Language 63 Method of Data Collection 63 Sample Size and Variability 66 Naturalness and Representativeness of the Data 68 Collection Procedures 69 Analysis Procedures 70 Cross-Language Studies 70 Chapter Conclusion 71 Chapter Discussion 72 Chapter Main Points 72 Chapter Reflections 73 3 Neurological Bases of Speech and Language 75 Central Nervous System 76 Hemispheric Asymmetry 80 Brain Maturation 81 Language Processing 82 Language Comprehension 83 Language Production 86 Models of Linguistic Processing 87 A Limited System and Executive Function 93 Theory of Mind 93 Chapter Conclusion 95 Chapter Discussion 95 Chapter Main Points 96 Chapter Reflections 97 4 Cognitive, Perceptual, and Motor Bases of Early Language and Speech 99 Neurological Development 100 Early Cognitive Development 102 Sensation 102 Perception 103 Motor Control 107 Cognition and Language Development 114 Learning 121 Role of the Caregiver 122 Chapter Conclusion 125 Chapter Discussion 125 Chapter Main Points 126 Chapter Reflections 127 5 The Social and Communicative Bases of Early Language and Speech 129 Development of Communication: A Chronology 131 The Newborn 131 Socialization and Early Communication: Age Birth to 6 Months 134 Development of Intentionality: Age 7 to 12 Months 139 Maternal Communication Behaviors 146 Infant-Elicited Social Behavior 146 Cultural, Socioeconomic, and Gender Differences 152 Interactions Between Infant and Caregiver 154 Joint Reference 154 Joint Action 157 Turn-Taking 160 Situational Variations 161 Chapter Conclusion 161 Chapter Discussion 162 Chapter Main Points 163 Chapter Reflections 163 6 Language-Learning and Teaching Processes and Young Children 165 Comprehension, Production, and Cognitive Growth 166 Cognition and Language 166 Less Is More 170 Child Learning Strategies 171 Toddler Language-Learning Strategies 171 Preschool Language-Learning Strategies 175 Children’s Processes of Language Acquisition 181 Adult Conversational Teaching Techniques 183 Adult Speech to Toddlers 183 Adult Conversations with Preschoolers 190 Importance of Play 193 Variations on a Theme 195 Individual Child Differences 195 Cultural and Social Differences 196 Chapter Conclusion 200 Chapter Discussion 201 Chapter Main Points 201 Chapter Reflections 202 7 First Words and Word Combinations in Toddler Talk 205 Single-Word Utterances 209 Pragmatics 210 Initial Lexicons 217 Meaning of Single-Word Utterances 222 Early Multiword Combinations 226 Transition: Early Word Combinations 226 Multiword Utterances 227 Phonological Learning 231 Auditory Maps 231 Articulatory Maps 233 Single-Word Utterance Patterns 234 Phonological Processes 234 Learning Units and Extension 236 Individual Differences 237 Bilingualism 237 Chapter Conclusion 241 Chapter Discussion 242 Chapter Reflections 243 Chapter Main Points 243 8 Preschool Pragmatic and Semantic Development 245 Preschool Development 246 Pragmatic Development 247 The Conversational Context 250 Narratives 262 Theory of Mind 266 Summary 269 Semantic Development 270 Relational Terms 273 Conclusion 277 Semantic and Pragmatic Influence on Syntactic Development 277 Semantics 277 Pragmatics 278 Language Development Differences and Delays 279 Language Development Differences 279 Language Development Delays 283 Chapter Conclusion 283 Chapter Discussion 284 Chapter Main Points 284 Chapter Reflections 285 9 Preschool Development of Language Form 287 The Semantic–Syntactic Connection 288 Syntactic and Morphologic Development 289 Patterns in Preschool Language Development 290 Bound Morphemes 291 Progressive -ing 293 Regular Plural -s 293 Possessive -’s or -s’ 294 Regular Past -ed 294 Regular Third Person Singular -s 294 Noun and Adjective Suffixes 295 Determinants of Acquisition Order 296 Phrase Development 298 Noun Phrase Development 298 Verb Phrase Development 300 Prepositional Phrase Development 304 Infinitive Phrase Development 305 Gerund Phrase Development 306 Sentence Development 306 Declarative-Sentence Form 306 Interrogative-Sentence Form 307 Imperative-Sentence Form 313 Negative-Sentence Form 313 Subordinate Clause Development 315 Compound Sentence Development 317 Summary 320 Phonemic and Phonologic Development 321 Speech-Sound Acquisition 322 Phonologic Processes 324 Chapter Conclusion 329 Chapter Discussion 329 Chapter Main Points 330 Chapter Reflections 331 10 Early School-Age Language Development 333 The Early School-Age Child 336 Pragmatic Development 337 Narratives 338 Conversational Abilities 346 Summary 349 Semantic Development 349 Vocabulary Growth 350 Conceptual Change 351 Related Cognitive Processing 352 Figurative Language 353 Syntactic and Morphologic Development 356 Morphologic Development 357 Noun- and Verb-Phrase Development 359 Sentence Types 362 Summary 367 Phonologic Development 367 Morphophonemic Development 367 Speech Production 368 Summary 368 Metalinguistic Abilities 369 Language Difference 370 Code Switching Development 371 African American English Speakers and Society 372 Chapter Conclusion 373 Chapter Discussion 374 Chapter Main Points 374 Chapter Reflections 375 11 School-Age Literacy Development 377 The Process of Reading 378 Phonological Awareness 379 Comprehension 380 Reading Development 384 Emerging Literacy 384 Mature Literacy 388 The Process of Writing 389 Spelling 390 Writing Development 390 Emerging Literacy 391 Mature Literacy 392 Spelling 392 Text Generation and Executive Function 394 Chapter Conclusion 396 Chapter Discussion 396 Chapter Main Points 397 Chapter Reflections 397 12 Adolescent and Adult Language 399 Pragmatics 401 Speaking Styles 401 Conversational Abilities 403 Gender Differences 404 Semantics 407 Syntax and Morphology 408 Noun Phrases 408 Conjuncts and Disjuncts 409 Phonology 409 Literacy 411 Bilingualism 411 Congratulations! 412 Chapter Conclusion 412 Chapter Discussion 412 Chapter Main Points 413 Chapter Reflections 413 Appendix A: American English Speech Sounds 415 Appendix B: Major Racial and Ethnic Dialects of American English 421 Appendix C: Development Summary 433 Appendix D: Computing MLU 443 Appendix E: Background Grammar 447 Glossary 453 A 453 B 453 C 453 D 454 E 454 F 455 G 455 H 455 I 455 J 455 L 456 M 456 N 456 O 456 P 457 Q 457 R 457 S 458 T 459 U 459 V 459 W 459 References 461 Author Index 494 A 494 B 494 C 495 D 495 E 495 F 495 G 496 H 496 I 496 J 496 K 497 L 497 M 497 N 498 O 498 P 498 Q 498 R 498 S 498 T 499 U 499 V 499 W 500 X 500 Y 500 Z 500 Subject Index 501 A 501 B 501 C 501 D 502 E 502 F 503 G 503 H 503 I 503 J 503 K 503 L 503 M 504 N 504 O 504 P 504 Q 505 R 505 S 505 T 506 U 506 V 506 W 506

As the most widely used text for introductory language development courses across the country, this comprehensive text allows students to understand every aspect of the discipline from a developmental perspective. Structured practically and chronologically, this text presents information in a highly readable manner for students. From language variations among children, new advances in linguistics and neurology, to the importance of literacy, the revised edition of Language Development: An Introduction includes expanded information regarding language development theories, bilingual and dialectical issues, and a unique emphasis on the constructionist perspective.

The eighth edition of this textalso includes a companion website that gives students a wealth of new tools for learning. The companion website includes interactive activities, sample test questions, links to helpful online resources, and extensive audio language samples of child language. The companion website can be found at:

http://www.pearsonhighered.com/owens8e/.

New to this edition:

• Chapter 2 'Describing Language' is completely revised, presenting a more contemporary theoretical perspective.
• An updated companion website provides students with an online learning aid that reinforces the concepts covered in the text, links to helpful resources, and offers sample test questions.
• Extensive pedagogical aids including chapter objectives, conclusions, discussion questions, and main point features help students learn concepts, retain information, and think critically about what they have read.
• Bilingual and dialectal development is now discussed throughout the text rather than in a separate stand-alone chapter to emphasize the pertinence of bilingualism in the United States.
• Important background information has been added to Appendices to help condense the chapters, increase readability, and highlight important information.
• Research has been updated throughout the text so that the text reflects the most current research in the field