Lange's Handbook of Chemistry, 70th Anniversary Edition (Lange's Handbook of Chemistry)

A standard reference for chemists for 70 years, this new Sixteenth Edition features an enormous compilation of facts, data, tabular material, and experimental findings in every area of chemistry.Included in this massive compendium are listings of the properties of approximately 4,400 organic and 1,400 inorganic compounds. This Sixteenth Edition offers 40% new or extensively revised content and starting with this edition, the author includes equations that allow users to calculate important values such as temperature and pressure. Contents: Organic Compounds * General Information, Conversion Tables, and Mathematics * Inorganic Compounds * Properties of Atom, Radicals, and Bonds * Physical Properties * Thermodynamic Properties * Spectroscopy * Electrolytes, Electromotive Force and Chemicals * Physicochemical Relationships * Polymers, Rubbers,Fats, Oils, and Waxes * Practical Laboratory Information (20050601) Front Matter......Page 1 Table of Contents......Page 0 About the Editor......Page 3 Preface to the Sixteenth Edition......Page 4 Preface to the Fifteenth Edition......Page 5 Preface to the First Edition......Page 7 Table of Contents......Page 9 32205_01a.pdf......Page 10 Section 1. Inorganic Chemistry......Page 11 1.1 Nomenclature of Inorganic Compounds......Page 13 1.1.1 Writing Formulas......Page 14 1.1.2 Naming Compounds......Page 15 1.1.4 Anions......Page 18 1.1.5 Acids......Page 19 Table 1.1 Trivial Names for Acids......Page 20 1.1.7 Coordination Compounds......Page 21 Table 1.2 Synonyms and Mineral Names......Page 23 1.2.3 Boiling Point......Page 26 1.2.4 Refractive Index......Page 27 Table 1.3 Physical Constants of Inorganic Compounds......Page 28 32205_01b.pdf......Page 59 Table 1.4 Color, Crystal Symmetry and Refractive Index of Inorganic Compounds......Page 74 Table 1.5 Refractive Index of Minerals......Page 96 Table 1.6 Properties of Molten Salts......Page 98 Table 1.7 Triple Points of Various Materials......Page 100 Table 1.8 Density of Mercury and Water......Page 101 Table 1.9 Specific Gravity of Air at Various Temperatures......Page 102 Table 1.10 Boiling Points of Water......Page 103 Table 1.11 Boiling Points of Water......Page 104 Table 1.13 Compressibility of Water......Page 105 Table 1.15 Subdivision of Main Energy Levels......Page 106 Table 1.16 Chemical Symbols, Atomic Numbers, and Electron Arrangements of the Elements......Page 107 Table 1.17 Atomic Numbers, Periods, and Groups of the Elements (The Periodic Table)......Page 131 Table 1.18 Atomic Weights of the Elements......Page 132 Table 1.19 Physical Properties of the Elements......Page 134 Table 1.20 Conductivity and Resistivity of the Elements......Page 138 Table 1.22 Relative Abundances of Naturally Occurring Isotopes......Page 142 Table 1.23 Radioactivity of the Elements (Neptunium Series)......Page 145 Table 1.24 Radioactivity of the Elements (Thorium Series)......Page 146 Table 1.26 Radioactivity of the Elements (Uranium Series)......Page 147 Table 1.27 lonization Energy of the Elements......Page 148 Table 1.28 lonization Energy of Molecular and Radical Species......Page 151 Table 1.29 Electronegativity Values of the Elements......Page 155 Table 1.30 Electron Affinities of Elements, Molecules, and Radicals......Page 156 32205_01c.pdf......Page 158 1.7 Bond Lengths and Strengths......Page 160 Table 1.31 Atom Radii and Effective Ionic Radii of Elements......Page 161 Table 1.32 Approximate Effective Ionic Radii in Aqueous Solutions at 25°C......Page 167 Table 1.34 Octahedral Covalent Radii for CN = 6......Page 168 Table 1.35 Bond Lengths between Elements......Page 169 Table 1.36 Bond Dissociation Energies......Page 170 Table 1.37 Bond Dipole Moments......Page 181 1.8.1 Dielectric Constant......Page 182 Table 1.39 Dipole Moments and Dielectric Constants......Page 183 1.9 Molecular Geometry......Page 184 Table 1.40 Spatial Orientation of Common Hybrid Bonds......Page 185 Table 1.41 Crystal Lattice Types......Page 186 Table 1.43 Table of Nuclides......Page 187 1.11.1 Vapor Pressure Equations......Page 209 Table 1.44 Vapor Pressures of Selected Elements at Different Temperatures......Page 211 Table 1.45 Vapor Pressures of Inorganic Compounds up to 1 Atmosphere......Page 213 Table 1.46 Vapor Pressures of Various Inorganic Compounds......Page 222 Table 1.47 Vapor Pressure of Mercury......Page 230 Table 1.48 Vapor Pressure of Ice in Millimeters of Mercury......Page 232 Table 1.49 Vapor Pressure of Liquid Ammonia, NH_3......Page 233 Table 1.50 Vapor Pressure of Water......Page 234 Table 1.51 Vapor Pressure of Deuterium Oxide......Page 235 Table 1.52 Viscosity and Surface Tension of Inorganic Substances......Page 236 1.13 Thermal Conductivity......Page 240 Table 1.53 Thermal Conductivity of the Elements......Page 241 Table 1.54 Thermal Conductivity of Various Solids......Page 242 1.14.2 Critical Pressure......Page 243 Table 1.55 Critical Properties......Page 244 Table 1.56 Enthalpies and Gibbs Energies of Formation, Entropies, and Heat Capacities of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds......Page 247 Table 1.57 Heats of Fusion, Vaporization, and Sublimation and Specific Heat at Various Temperatures of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds......Page 290 1.16 Activity Coefficients......Page 309 Table 1.59 Constants of the Debye-Hückel Equation from 0 to 100°C......Page 310 1.17.1 Standards for pH Measurement of Blood and Biological Media......Page 311 Table 1.61 National Bureau of Standards (U.S.) Reference pH Buffer Solutions......Page 313 Table 1.63 Composition and pH Values of Buffer Solutions 8.107......Page 314 Table 1.64 Standard Reference Values pH for the Measurement of Acidity in 50 Weight Percent Methanol-Water......Page 316 1.17.2 Buffer Solutions Other Than Standards......Page 317 Table 1.66 pH Values of Biological and Other Buffers for Control Purposes......Page 318 1.18 Solubility and Equilibrium Constant......Page 320 Table 1.67 Solubility of Gases in Water......Page 321 32205_01e.pdf......Page 323 Table 1.68 Solubility of Inorganic Compounds and Metal Salts of Organic Acids in Water at Various Temperatures......Page 326 Table 1.69 Dissociation Constants of Inorganic Acids......Page 340 Table 1.71 Solubility Product Constants......Page 341 Table 1.72 Stability Constants of Complex Ions......Page 352 Table 1.73 Saturated Solutions......Page 353 1.19.1 Calculation of the Approximate pH Value of Solutions......Page 360 1.19.2 Calculation of Concentrations of Species Present at a Given pH......Page 361 Table 1.74 Proton Transfer Reactions of Inorganic Materials in Water at 25°C......Page 362 1.20 Formation Constants......Page 367 Table 1.75 Cumulative Formation Constants for Metal Complexes with Inorganic Ligands......Page 368 Table 1.76 Cumulative Formation Constants for Metal Complexes with Organic Ligands......Page 373 32205_01f.pdf......Page 380 Table 1.77 Potentials of the Elements and Their Compounds at 25°C......Page 390 Table 1.78 Potentials of Selected Half-Reactions at 25°C......Page 403 Table 1.79 Overpotentials for Common Electrode Reactions at 25°C......Page 406 Table 1.80 Half-Wave Potentials of Inorganic Materials......Page 407 Table 1.81 Standard Electrode Potentials for Aqueous Solutions......Page 411 Table 1.82 Potentials of Reference Electrodes in Volts As a Function of Temperature......Page 414 1.22 Conductance......Page 415 Table 1.84 Properties of Liquid Semi-Conductors......Page 417 Table 1.85 Limiting Equivalent Ionic Conductances in Aqueous Solutions......Page 418 Table 1.86 Standard Solutions for Calibrating Conductivity Vessels......Page 421 Table 1.87 Equivalent Conductivities of Electrolytes in Aqueous Solutions at 18°C......Page 422 Table 1.88 Conductivity of Very Pure Water at Various Temperatures and the Equivalent Conductances of Hydrogen and Hydroxyl Ions......Page 427 Table 1.90 Transition Temperatures......Page 428 32205_02a.pdf......Page 429 Section 2. Organic Chemistry......Page 430 Table 2.1 Straight-Chain Alkanes......Page 433 Table 2.2 Fused Polycyclic Hydrocarbons......Page 439 Table 2.4 Suffixes for Heterocyclic Systems......Page 442 Table 2.5 Trivial Names of Heterocyclic Systems Suitable for Use in Fusion Names......Page 443 Table 2.6 Trivial Names for Heterocyclic Systems That are Not Recommended for Use in Fusion Names......Page 446 2.1.2 Functional Compounds......Page 447 Table 2.7 Characteristic Groups for Substitutive Nomenclature......Page 448 Table 2.8 Characteristic Groups Cited Only As Prefixes in Substitutive Nomenclature......Page 449 2.1.3 Specific Functional Groups......Page 452 Table 2.10 Alcohols and Phenols......Page 453 Table 2.11 Names of Some Carboxylic Acids......Page 459 Table 2.12 Phosphorus-Containing Compounds......Page 464 2.1.4 Stereochemistry......Page 467 Table 2.13 Formula and Nomenclature of Amino Acids......Page 476 2.1.6 Carbohydrates......Page 477 Table 2.16 Representative Terpenes......Page 483 Table 2.17 Representative Fatty Acids......Page 484 Table 2.18 Pyrimidines and Purines That Occur in DNA and RNA......Page 485 Table 2.19 Organic Radicals......Page 486 2.2 Physical Properties of Organic Compounds......Page 493 Table 2.20 Physical Constants of Organic Compounds......Page 494 Table 2.20 Physical Constants of Organic Compounds 2.97-2.152......Page 526 Table 2.20 Physical Constants of Organic Compounds 2.153-2.201......Page 582 32205_02d.pdf......Page 631 Table 2.21 Melting Points of Derivatives of Organic Compounds......Page 683 Table 2.23 Boiling Point and Density of Alkyl Halides......Page 684 Table 2.24 Properties of Carboxylic Acids......Page 685 Table 2.25 The Structure, Melting Point, and Boiling Points of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons......Page 686 Table 2.26 Properties of Naturally Occurring Amino Acids......Page 696 Table 2.27 Hildebrand Solubility Parameters of Organic Liquids......Page 697 Table 2.28 Hansen Solubility Parameters of Organic Liquids......Page 698 2.3 Viscosity and Surface Tension......Page 699 Table 2.30 Viscosity and Surface Tension of Organic Compounds......Page 701 32205_02e.pdf......Page 705 2.4 Refraction and Refractive Index......Page 716 Table 2.33 Atomic and Group Refractions......Page 717 Table 2.34 Refractive Indices of Organic Compounds......Page 718 Table 2.35 Solvents Having the Same Refractive Index and the Same Density at 25°C......Page 723 2.5 Vapor Pressure and Boiling Point......Page 725 Table 2.36 Vapor Pressures of Various Organic Compounds......Page 726 Table 2.37 Boiling Points of Common Organic Compounds at Selected Pressures......Page 744 Table 2.38 Organic Solvents Arranged by Boiling Points......Page 777 Table 2.39 Boiling Points of n-Paraffins......Page 779 2.6 Flammability Properties......Page 780 Table 2.40 Boiling Points, Flash points, and Ignition Temperatures of Organic Compounds......Page 781 Table 2.41 Properties of Combustible Mixtures in Air......Page 855 32205_02f.pdf......Page 860 2.7 Azeotropic Mixtures......Page 863 Table 2.42 Binary Azeotropic (Constant-Boiling) Mixtures......Page 864 Table 2.43 Ternary Azeotropic Mixtures......Page 883 Table 2.44 Compositions of Aqueous Antifreeze Solutions......Page 889 Table 2.45 Bond Lengths between Carbon and Other Elements......Page 893 Table 2.46 Bond Dissociation Energies......Page 896 Table 2.47 Bond Dipole Moments......Page 897 Table 2.48 Group Dipole Moments......Page 898 Table 2.49 Dielectric Constant (Permittivity) and Dipole Moment of Organic Compounds......Page 899 2.11 Ionization Energy......Page 923 Table 2.50 Ionization Energy of Molecular and Radical Species......Page 924 32205_02g.pdf......Page 927 Table 2.51 Thermal Conductivities of Gases As a Function of Temperature......Page 935 Table 2.52 Thermal Conductivity of Various Substances......Page 938 2.13.1 Thermodynamic Relations......Page 941 Table 2.53 Enthalpies and Gibbs energies of Formation, Entropies, and Heat Capacities of Organic Compounds......Page 944 32205_02h.pdf......Page 971 Table 2.54 Heats of Fusion, Vaporization, Sublimation, and Specific Heat at Various Temperatures of Organic Compounds......Page 990 2.14.3 Critical Volume......Page 1020 Table 2.55 Critical Properties......Page 1021 32205_02i.pdf......Page 1022 Table 2.56 Lydersen's Critical Property Increments......Page 1036 Table 2.57 Vetere Group Contribution to Estimate Critical Volume......Page 1037 Table 2.58 Van der Waals' Constants for Gases......Page 1038 Table 2.59 pK, Values of Organic Materials in Water at 25°C......Page 1049 32205_02j.pdf......Page 1091 Table 2.60 Selected Equilibrium Constants in Aqueous Solution at Various Temperatures......Page 1099 Table 2.61 pK, Values for Proton-Transfer Reactions in Non-aqueous Solvents......Page 1105 Table 2.62 Acid-Base Indicators......Page 1106 Table 2.63 Mixed Indicators......Page 1109 Table 2.64 Fluorescent Indicators......Page 1111 Table 2.65 Selected List of Oxidation-Reduction Indicators......Page 1113 Table 2.67 Oxidation-Reduction Indicators......Page 1115 Table 2.68 Half-Wave Potentials (vs. Saturated Calomel Electrode) of Organic Compounds at 25°C......Page 1116 Table 2.69 Electrical Conductivity of Various Pure Liquids......Page 1127 Table 2.70 Limiting Equivalent Ionic Conductances in Aqueous Solutions......Page 1128 Table 2.71 Properties of Organic Semiconductors......Page 1129 2.19 Linear Free Energy Relationships......Page 1131 Table 2.72 Hammett and Taft Substituent Constants......Page 1132 Table 2.73 pK°_a and Rho Values for Hammett Equation......Page 1136 Table 2.74 pK°_a and Rho Values for Taft Equation......Page 1137 2.20 Polymers......Page 1138 2.20.1.4 Coupling Agents......Page 1140 2.20.1.6 Foaming Agents (Chemical Blowing Agents)......Page 1141 2.20.1.12 Plastics......Page 1142 2.20.1.13 Acrylics......Page 1143 2.20.1.16 Allyls......Page 1144 2.20.1.17 Cellulosics......Page 1145 2.20.1.19 Fluorocarbon......Page 1146 2.20.1.20 Nitrile Resins......Page 1147 2.20.1.23 Polyamides......Page 1148 2.20.1.26 Polyester......Page 1149 2.20.1.28 Polyolefins......Page 1150 2.20.1.29 Poly(phenylene sulfide)......Page 1151 2.20.1.31 Silicones......Page 1152 2.20.1.33 Sulfones......Page 1153 2.20.1.35 Vinyl......Page 1154 2.20.2.2 Natural Rubber......Page 1155 2.20.2.7 cis-Polybutadiene Rubber (BR)......Page 1156 2.20.2.11 Polysulfide Rubbers......Page 1157 2.20.2.15 Urethane......Page 1158 Table 2.76 Names and Structures of Polymers......Page 1159 Table 2.77 Plastics......Page 1168 Table 2.78 Properties of Commercial Plastics......Page 1169 32205_02k.pdf......Page 1200 Table 2.79 Properties of Natural and Synthetic Rubbers......Page 1205 Table 2.80 Density of Polymers Listed by Trade Name......Page 1206 Table 2.81 Density of Polymers Listed by Chemical Name......Page 1207 Table 2.82 Density of Polymers at Various Temperatures......Page 1209 Table 2.83 Surface Tension (Liquid Phase) of Polymers......Page 1211 Table 2.84 Interfacial Tension (Liquid Phase) of Polymers......Page 1212 Table 2.85 Thermal Expansion Coefficients of Polymers......Page 1213 Table 2.86 Heat Capacities of Polymers......Page 1215 Table 2.87 Thermal Conductivity of Polymers......Page 1226 Table 2.88 Thermal Conductivity of Foamed Polymers......Page 1227 Table 2.89 Thermal Conductivity of Polymers with Fillers......Page 1228 Table 2.90 Resistance of Selected Polymers and Rubber to Various Chemicals at 20°C......Page 1229 Table 2.91 Gas Permeability Constants (10^10 P) at 25°C for Polymers and Rubber......Page 1230 Table 2.92 Vapor Permeability Constants (10^10 P) at 35°C for Polymers......Page 1232 Table 2.93 Hildebrand Solubility Parameters of Polymers......Page 1233 Table 2.94 Hansen Solubility Parameters of Polymers......Page 1234 2.21 Fats, Oils, and Waxes......Page 1236 Table 2.96 Physical Properties of Fats and Oils......Page 1237 Table 2.97 Physical Properties of Waxes......Page 1239 Table 2.98 Physical Properties of Petroleum Products......Page 1240 32205_03a.pdf......Page 1241 Section 3. Spectroscopy......Page 1242 Table 3.1 Absorption Frequencies of Single Bonds to Hydrogen......Page 1244 Table 3.2 Absorption Frequencies of Triple Bonds......Page 1250 Table 3.3 Absorption Frequencies of Cumulated Double Bonds......Page 1251 3.1.1 Intensities of Carbonyl Bands......Page 1252 Table 3.4 Absorption Frequencies of Carbonyl Bands......Page 1253 Table 3.5 Absorption Frequencies of Other Double Bonds......Page 1257 Table 3.6 Absorption Frequencies of Aromatic Bands......Page 1260 Table 3.7 Absorption Frequencies of Miscellaneous Bands......Page 1261 Table 3.8 Absorption Frequencies in the Near Infrared......Page 1267 Table 3.9 Infrared Transmitting Materials......Page 1269 Table 3.10 Infrared Transmission Characteristics of Selected Solvents......Page 1270 Table 3.11 Values of Absorbance for Percent Absorption......Page 1272 Table 3.12 Transmittance-Absorbance Conversion Table......Page 1274 Table 3.13 Wavenumber/Wavelength Conversion Table......Page 1277 3.2 Raman Spectroscopy......Page 1278 Table 3.14 Raman Frequencies of Single Bonds to Hydrogen and Carbon......Page 1279 Table 3.15 Raman Frequencies of Triple Bonds......Page 1283 Table 3.16 Raman Frequencies of Cumulated Double Bonds......Page 1284 Table 3.17 Raman Frequencies of Carbonyl Bands......Page 1285 Table 3.18 Raman Frequencies of Other Double Bonds......Page 1287 Table 3.19 Raman Frequencies of Aromatic Compounds......Page 1289 Table 3.20 Raman Frequencies of Sulfur Compounds......Page 1291 Table 3.21 Raman Frequencies of Ethers......Page 1292 Table 3.22 Raman Frequencies of Halogen Compounds......Page 1293 Table 3.24 Principal Argon-Ion Laser Plasma Lines......Page 1294 3.3 Ultraviolet Spectroscopy......Page 1295 Table 3.25 Electronic Absorption Bands for Representative Chromophores......Page 1296 Table 3.27 Absorption Wavelength of Dienes......Page 1298 Table 3.29 Solvent Correction for Ultraviolet-Visible Spectroscopy......Page 1299 Table 3.31 Wavelength Calculation of the Principal Band of Substituted Benzene Derivatives......Page 1300 Table 3.32 Fluorescence Spectroscopy of Some Organic Compounds......Page 1301 Table 3.33 Fluorescene Quantum Yield Values......Page 1304 3.5.1 Common Spectroscopic Relationships......Page 1305 Table 3.34 Detection Limits in ng/mL......Page 1308 Table 3.35 Sensitive Lines of the Elements......Page 1313 3.6 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy......Page 1317 Table 3.36 Nuclear Properties of the Elements......Page 1318 Table 3.37 Proton Chemical Shifts......Page 1321 Table 3.39 Estimation of Chemical Shift of Proton Attached to a Double Bond......Page 1324 Table 3.40 Chemical Shifts in Monosubstituted Benzene......Page 1325 Table 3.41 Proton Spin Coupling Constants......Page 1326 Table 3.43 Solvent Positions of Residual Protons in Incompletely Deuterated Solvents......Page 1327 Table 3.44 Carbon-13 Chemical Shifts......Page 1328 Table 3.46 Effect of Substituent Groups on Alkyl Chemical Shifts......Page 1331 Table 3.47 Estimation of Chemical Shifts of Carbon Attached to a Double Bond......Page 1332 Table 3.48 Carbon-13 Chemical Shifts in Substituted Benzenes......Page 1333 Table 3.49 Carbon-13 Chemical Shifts in Substituted Pyridines*......Page 1334 Table 3.50 Carbon-13 Chemical Shifts Carbonyl Group......Page 1335 Table 3.51 One-Bond Carbon-Hydrogen Spin Coupling Constants......Page 1336 Table 3.53 Carbon-Carbon Spin Coupling Constants......Page 1337 Table 3.54 Carbon-Fluorine Spin Coupling Constants......Page 1338 Table 3.56 Carbon-13 Coupling Constants with Various Nuclei......Page 1339 Table 3.57 Boron-11 Chemical Shifts......Page 1340 Table 3.58 Nitrogen-15 (or Nitrogen-14) Chemical Shifts......Page 1341 Table 3.60 Nitrogen-15 Chemical Shifts for Standards......Page 1344 Table 3.63 Nitrogen-15 to Fluorine-19 Spin Coupling Constants......Page 1345 Table 3.64 Fluorine-19 Chemical Shifts......Page 1346 Table 3.67 Silicon-29 Chemical Shifts......Page 1347 Table 3.68 Phosphorus-31 Chemical Shifts......Page 1348 Table 3.69 Phosphorus-31 Spin Coupling Constants......Page 1351 3.7.1 Correlation of Mass Spectra with Molecular Structure......Page 1352 3.7.2 Mass Spectra and Structure......Page 1354 Table 3.71 Table of Mass Spectra......Page 1356 3.8 X-Ray Methods......Page 1367 Table 3.72 Wavelengths of X-Ray Emission Spectra in Angstroms......Page 1369 Table 3.73 Wavelengths of Absorption Edges in Angstroms......Page 1371 Table 3.74 Critical X-Ray Absorption Energies in KeV......Page 1374 Table 3.75 X-Ray Emission Energies in KeV......Page 1376 Table 3.77 Interplanar Spacing for K_a , Radiation, d versus 20......Page 1379 Table 3.78 Analyzing Crystals for X-Ray Spectroscopy......Page 1380 Table 3.79 Mass Absorption Coefficients for K Alpha_1 Lines and W L Alpha, Line......Page 1381 32205_04a.pdf......Page 1384 Section 4. General Information and Conversion Tables......Page 1385 Table 4.1 SI Prefixes......Page 1387 Table 4.3 Physical Constants......Page 1388 Table 4.4 Conversion Factors......Page 1392 4.3 Conversion of Thermometer Scales......Page 1412 Table 4.5 Temperature Conversion......Page 1413 4.4 Density and Specific Gravity......Page 1425 Table 4.6 Hydrometer Conversion......Page 1429 4.5 Barometry and Barometric Corrections......Page 1431 Table 4.7 Barometer Temperature CorrectionŒMetric Units......Page 1432 Table 4.8 Barometric Latitude-Gravity - Metric Units......Page 1435 Table 4.9 Barometric Correction for Gravity - Metric Units......Page 1437 Table 4.10 Reduction of the Barometer to Sea Level - Metric Units......Page 1438 Table 4.11 Pressure Conversion......Page 1442 Table 4.12 Conversion of Weighings in Air to Weighings in Vacuo......Page 1443 Table 4.13 Factors for Reducing Gas Volumes to Normal (Standard) Temperature and Pressure (760 mmHg)......Page 1445 Table 4.14 Viscosity Conversion......Page 1450 4.7 Physical Chemistry Equations for Gases......Page 1451 4.7.1 Equations of State (PVT Relations for Real Gases)......Page 1452 4.7.2 Properties of Gas Molecules......Page 1453 Table 4.15 Molar Equivalent of One Liter of Gas at Various Temperatures and Pressures......Page 1454 Table 4.17 Cooling Mixtures......Page 1457 Table 4.18 Molecular Lowering of the Melting or Freezing Point......Page 1458 Table 4.19 Drying Agents......Page 1459 Table 4.20 Solutions for Maintaining Constant Humidity......Page 1460 Table 4.22 Relative Humidity from Wet and Dry Bulb Thermometer Readings......Page 1461 Table 4.23 Relative Humidity from Dew Point Readings......Page 1463 Table 4.24 Mass of Water Vapor in Saturated Air......Page 1464 Table 4.25 Molecular Elevation of the Boiling Point......Page 1465 4.12.1 McReynolds' Constants......Page 1467 Table 4.27 Solvents of Chromatographic Interest......Page 1468 Table 4.28 McReynolds' Constants for Stationary Phases in Gas Chromatography......Page 1470 4.12.2 Chromatographic Behavior of Solutes......Page 1474 Table 4.29 Characteristics of Selected Supercritical Fluids......Page 1478 4.12.3 Ion-Exchange (Normal Pressure, Columnar)......Page 1479 Table 4.31 Ion-Exchange Resins......Page 1481 Table 4.32 Relative Selectivity of Various Counter Cations......Page 1485 Table 4.33 Relative Selectivity of Various Counter Anions......Page 1486 Table 4.34 Gravimetric Factors......Page 1488 Table 4.35 Elements Precipitated by General Analytical Reagents......Page 1514 Table 4.36 Cleaning Solutions for Fritted Glassware......Page 1516 Table 4.38 Membrane Filters......Page 1517 Table 4.40 Tolerances for Analytical Weights......Page 1518 Table 4.41 Heating Temperatures, Composition of Weighing Forms, and Gravimetric Factors......Page 1519 Table 4.42 Primary Standards for Aqueous Acid-Base Titrations......Page 1521 Table 4.43 Titrimetric (Volumetric) Factors......Page 1522 Table 4.44 Equations for the Redox Determinations of the Elements with Equivalent Weights......Page 1529 Table 4.45 Standard Solutions for Precipitation Titrations......Page 1533 Table 4.46 Indicators for Precipitation Titrations......Page 1534 Table 4.47 Properties and Applications of Selected Metal Ion Indicators......Page 1535 Table 4.50 Cumulative Formation Constants of Ammine Complexes at 20°C, Ionic Strength 0.1......Page 1536 Table 4.51 Masking Agents for Various Elements......Page 1537 Table 4.52 Masking Agents for Anions and Neutral Molecules......Page 1539 Table 4.53 Common Demasking Agents......Page 1540 Table 4.54 Amino Acids pI and pKQ Values......Page 1541 Table 4.57 Tolerances of Micropipets (Eppendorf)......Page 1542 Table 4.59 Factors for Simplified Computation of Volume......Page 1543 Table 4.60 Cubical Coefficients of Thermal Expansion......Page 1544 Table 4.62 Concentration of Commonly Used Acids and Bases......Page 1545 Table 4.63 Standard Stock Solutions......Page 1546 Table 4.64 TLV Concentration Limits for Gases and Vapors......Page 1549 Table 4.65 Some Common Reactive and Incompatible Chemicals......Page 1557 Table 4.67 Chemicals Which Polymerize or Decompose on Extended Refrigeration......Page 1563 4.16.1 Temperature Measurement......Page 1564 Table 4.69 Fixed Points in the ITS-90......Page 1565 4.17 Thermocouples......Page 1566 Table 4.71 Thermoelectric Values in Millivolts at Fixed Points for Various Thermocouples......Page 1568 Table 4.72 Type B Thermocouples: Platinum-30% Rhodium Alloy vs. Platinum-6% Rhodium Alloy......Page 1569 Table 4.73 Type E Thermocouples: Nickel-Chromium Alloy vs. Copper-Nickel Alloy......Page 1570 Table 4.74 Type J Thermocouples: Iron vs. Copper-Nickel Alloy......Page 1571 Table 4.75 Type K Thermocouples: Nickel-Chromium Alloy vs. Nickel-Aluminum Alloy......Page 1572 Table 4.76 Type N Thermocouples: Nickel-14.2% Chromium-1.4% Silicon Alloy vs. Nickel-4.4% Silicon-0.1% Magnesium Alloy......Page 1573 Table 4.77 Type R Thermocouples: Platinum-13% Rhodium Alloy vs. Platinum......Page 1574 Table 4.78 Type S Thermocouples: Platinum-10% Rhodium Alloy vs. Platinum......Page 1575 Table 4.79 Type T Thermocouples: Copper vs. Copper-Nickel Alloy......Page 1576 A......Page 1577 B......Page 1580 C......Page 1583 D......Page 1587 E......Page 1588 F......Page 1592 H......Page 1594 I......Page 1596 L......Page 1601 M......Page 1602 N......Page 1604 O......Page 1606 P......Page 1609 R......Page 1612 S......Page 1614 T......Page 1617 U......Page 1619 V......Page 1620 W......Page 1621 X......Page 1622

70th Anniversary Edition

Seven Decades of Scientific Excellence

***** [five stars]The handbook every chemist must have ... A close-at-hand, bookshelf necessity for science students, chemists, chemical engineers, and … others whose sphere of interest intersects with that of chemistry.... If you have been using a copy of the [earlier] edition ... you should upgrade now.

—Online review of the Fifteenth Edition

Bargains are rare in the publication arena, but this book represents one ... It is just overflowing with useful information that is available at your beck and call.

—American Medical Technologists' AMT Events magazine, on an earlier edition

Classic reference for chemists ... Excellent reference ... Easy access to chemistry and physics data in this one-volume compilation.

—CHOICE magazine, on an earlier edition

Respected for over seven decades as the standard reference for chemists and chemical engineers, this extensively revised and updated 70th Anniversary Edition of Lange's Handbook of Chemistry is an enormous compendium of facts, data, and tabular material. Lange's lists the properties of over 4000 organic and 1400 inorganic compounds. The new edition features new tables covering viscosity, thermal conductivity, critical constants, explosion limits, and vapor density; and for the first time in Lange's, equations allow the calculation of values such as temperature and pressure.

NEW AND REVISED COVERAGE OF

Organic Compounds
• General Information, Conversion Tables, and Mathematics
• Inorganic Compounds
• Properties of Atoms, Radicals, and Bonds
• Physical Properties
• Thermodynamic Properties
• Spectroscopy
• Electrolytes, Electromotive Force, and Chemical Equilibrium
• Physicochemical Relationships
• Polymers, Rubbers, Fats, Oils, and Waxes
• Practical Laboratory Information

James Speight, Ph.D., has more than 35 years' experience in fields related to the properties and processing of conventional and synthetic fuels. He has participated in, and led, significant research in defining the uses of chemistry with heavy oil and coal. The author of well over 400 professional papers, reports, and presentations detailing his research activities, he has taught more than 50 related courses. Dr. Speight is the author, editor, or compiler of a total of 25 books and bibliographies related to fossil fuel processing and environmental issues. He lives in Laramie, Wyoming.

Choice

Reorganized since the 15th edition and now edited by Speight, Lange's contains information for chemists and chemical engineers. It has four sections: general information and conversion tables, spectroscopy, inorganic chemistry, and organic chemistry... Lange's is essential for students and researchers in chemistry. Summing Up: Essential. Lower-division undergraduates and higher. — S.K. Oelker, Drew University

Annotation A standard reference for chemists for 70 years, this new Sixteenth Edition features an enormous compilation of facts, data, tabular material, and experimental findings in every area of chemistry. Included in this massive compendium are listings of the properties of approximately 4,400 organic and 1,400 inorganic compounds. This Sixteenth Edition offers 40% new or extensively revised content and starting with this edition, the author includes equations that allow users to calculate important values such as temperature and pressure. Contents: Organic Compounds * General Information, Conversion Tables, and Mathematics * Inorganic Compounds * Properties of Atom, Radicals, and Bonds * Physical Properties * Thermodynamic Properties * Spectroscopy * Electrolytes, Electromotive Force and Chemicals * Physicochemical Relationships * Polymers, Rubbers, Fats, Oils, and Waxes * Practical Laboratory Information