Land Surface — Atmosphere Interactions for Climate Modeling: Observations, Models and Analysis (Reprinted from Surveys in Geophysics, Vol 12, Nos 1-3)

It is well known that the interactions between land surfaces and the atmosphere, and the resulting exchanges in water and energy have a tremendous affect on climate. The inadequate representation of land-atmosphere interactions is a major weakness in current climate models, and is providing the motivation for the HAPEX and ISLSCP experiments as well as the proposed Global Energy and Water Experiment (GEWEX) and the Earth Observing System (EOS) mission. The inadequate representation reflects the recognition that the well-known phys­ ical relationships, which are well described at small scales, result in different relationships when represented at the scales used in climate models. Understanding this transition in the mathematical relationships with increased space-time scales appears to be very difficult, and has led to different approaches; at one extreme, the famous "bucket" model where the land-surface is a simple one layer storage without vegetation; the other extreme may be Seller's Simple Biosphere Model (Sib) where one big leaf covers the climate model grid. Given the heterogeneous nature of landforms, soils and vegetation within a climate model grid, the development of new land surface parameterizations, and their verification through large scale experiments is perceived to be a challenging area of research for the hydrology and meteorology communities. This book evolved from a workshop held at Princeton University to explore the status of land surface parameterizations within climate models, and how observa­ tional data can be used to assess these parameterizations and improve models. Front Matter....Pages i-viii Front Matter....Pages 1-1 Insight from Large-Scale Observational Studies of Land/Atmosphere Interactions....Pages 3-30 Some Aspects of the HAPEX-MOBILHY Programme: The Data Base and the Modelling Strategy....Pages 31-61 Passive Microwave Remote Sensing Contribution to Hydrological Variables....Pages 63-84 Modeling and Observing Land-Surface-Atmosphere Interactions on Large Scales....Pages 85-114 Land Surface Hydrology in a General Circulation Model N-Global and Regional Fields Needed for Validation....Pages 115-126 Simulation of Daily Precipitation in the Pacific Northwest Using a Weather Classification Scheme....Pages 127-142 Front Matter....Pages 143-143 A Refinement of the Combination Equations for Evaporation....Pages 145-154 A Statistical-Dynamical Approach to Parameterize Subgrid-Scale Land-Surface Heterogeneity in Climate Models....Pages 155-178 Evapotranspiration and Runoff from Large Land Areas: Land Surface Hydrology for Atmospheric General Circulation Models....Pages 179-204 Climate and the Equilibrium State of Land Surface Hydrology Parameterizations....Pages 205-220 Partial Analysis Applied to Scale Problems in Surface Moisture Fluxes....Pages 221-247 Distributed Parameterization of Complex Terrain....Pages 249-270 Modeling Basin-Scale Hydrology in Support of Physical Climate and Global Biogeochemical Studies: An Example Using the Zambezi River....Pages 271-311 Back Matter....Pages 313-314 Observations And Observational Needs. Insight From Large-scale Observational Studies Of Land/atmosphere Interactions. Some Aspects Of The Hapex-mobilhy Programme: The Data Base And The Modelling Strategy. Passive Microwave Remote Sensing Contribution To Hydrological Variables. Modeling And Observing Land-surface-atmosphere Interactions On Large Scales. Land Surface Hydrology In A General Circulation Model-global And Regional Fields Needed For Validation. Simulation Of Daily Precipitation In The Pacific Northwest Using A Weather Classification Scheme. A Refinement Of The Combination Equations For Evaporation. A Statistical-dynamical Approach To Parameterize Subgrid-scale Land-surface Heterogeneity In Climate Models. Evapotranspiration And Runoff From Large Land Surface Hydrology For Atmospheric General Circulation Models. Climate And The Equilibrium State Of Land Surface Hydrology Parameterizations. Partial Analysis Applied To Scale Problems In Surface Moisture Fluxes. Distributed Parameterization Fo Complex Terrain. Modeling Basin-scale Hydrology In Support Of Physical Climate And Global Biogeochemical Studies: An Example Using The Zambezi River.