Lanark-A Life in Four Books

Batteries receive much media attention, but they lag behind other technologies. These limitations become apparent when advancing the battery from portable uses to wheeled mobility that demands strenuous conformities and long service under harsh conditions. Incremental improvements are being made and the fourth edition Batteries in a Portable World elaborates on these developments. This bestseller handbook on batteries provides a basic understanding of their strength and limitations. If helps the busy professional who needs a crash course on batteries; the engineer who searches for a battery to launch a new product; the student who seeks answers for an academic project; and the everyday battery user who wants to get the most out of each battery. The book is easy to read and makes minimal use of technical jargons. The focus is on practical applications and steps towards perfection. Title page Copyright Page Table of Contents With Special Thanks Acknowledgments Preface to the Fourth Edition Introduction Part One — Sharing Battery Knowledge Chapter 1 – Crash Course on Batteries When Was the Battery Invented? Early Batteries Invention of the Rechargeable Battery Electricity Through Magnetism Early Innovators Global Battery Markets Overview of Battery Types Advancements in Batteries Battery Breakthroughs: Myth or Fact? Getting to Know the Battery The Octagon Battery Comparing the Battery with Other Power Sources Battery Building Blocks Battery Definitions Primary Batteries Choices of Primary Batteries Secondary Batteries Chapter 2 – Battery Types Lead-based Batteries Sealed Lead Acid Starter Battery Deep-cycle Battery Absorbent Glass Mat (AGM) New Lead Acid Systems Nickel-based Batteries Nickel-cadmium (NiCd) Nickel-metal-hydride (NiMH) Nickel-iron (NiFe) Nickel-zinc NiZn) Nickel-hydrogen (NiH) Lithium-based Batteries Lithium-ion Architecture Types of Lithium-ion Batteries Lithium-polymer: Substance or Hype? Cycling Performance Nickel-cadmium Nickel-metal-hydride Lithium-ion Alternate Battery Systems Supercapacitor Fuel Cell Flow Battery Sodium-sulfur Zinc-air Silver-zinc Reusable Alkaline Future Batteries Lithium-air (Li-air) Lithium-metal (Li-metal) Solid-state Lithium Lithium-sulfur (Li-S) Sodium-ion (Na-ion) Chapter 3 – Packaging and Safety A Look at Old and New Battery Formats Cylindrical Cell Button Cell Prismatic Cell Pouch Cell Series and Parallel Connection Confusion with Voltages Protection Circuits Intrinsically Safe Batteries Safety Concerns with Li-ion Making Lithium-ion Safe Building a Lithium-ion Pack Meeting Safety Approvals Battery Components Battery Separator Electrolyte Availability of Lithium Graphite Cobalt Battery Raw Materials Chapter 4 – Charge Methods All about Chargers Types of Chargers Ultra-fast Charging What Is C-rate? Charging Lead Acid Watering Equalizing Charge How to Charge with a Power Supply Battery as a Buffer Charging Nickel-cadmium Charging Nickel-metal-hydride Charging Lithium-ion Charging at High and Low Temperatures Charging from a USB Port Charging Without Wires Charging with Solar, Turbine How to Store Renewable Energy in a Battery Charger Chips How to Charge – When to Charge Table Chapter 5 – Discharge Methods Basics About Discharging Depth of Discharge What Constitutes a Discharge Cycle? Discharging at High and Low Temperatures Discharge Characteristics of Li-ion Discharge Signature How to Calculate Battery Runtime How to Verify Sufficient Battery Capacity Chapter 6 – Smart Battery Inner Workings of a Smart Battery Single-wire Bus System Management Bus Fuel Gauge Calibration Processing Data from a Smart Battery Part Two — You and the Battery Chapter 7 – From Birth to Retirement Caring for the Battery How to Prime Batteries How to Store Batteries Health Concerns with Batteries How to Transport Batteries Shipping Lithium-based Batteries by Air Packaging Instruction 965 Packaging Instructions 966 and 967 Packaging Instruction 968 Packaging Instruction 969 and 970 How to Recycle Batteries Recycling Process Battery Recycling as a Business Summary Table of Battery Do’s and Don’ts Chapter 8 – How to Extend Battery Life Setting Performance Standards How to Rate Battery Runtime How to Define Battery Life Four Renegades of Battery Failure Declining Capacity Rising Internal Resistance Elevated Self-discharge End-of-discharge Voltage Can Batteries Be Restored? Cell Matching and Balancing Shorted Cells Loss of Electrolyte How to Prolong Lead Acid Batteries Corrosion, Shedding and Internal Short Sulfation Acid Stratification Surface Charge Additives How Age Affects Capacity and Resistance How Heat and Loading Affect Battery Life How to Restore Nickel-based Batteries Memory: Myth or Fact? Effect of Zapping How to Prolong Lithium-based Batteries What Causes Lithium-ion to Age? What the User Can Do How to Awaken an Over-discharged Li-ion What Causes Lithium-ion to Die? Coulombic Efficiency Additives and the Effects on Coulombic Efficiency How to Maximize Runtime of Mobile Phones Aftermarket Batteries Chapter 9 –Testing and Monitoring Fundamentals in Battery Testing How to Measure Internal Resistance What Is Impedance? DC Load Method AC Conductance Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) How to Measure CCA How to Measure State-of-charge Voltage Method Hydrometer Coulomb Counting Impedance Spectroscopy How to Measure Capacity Testing Lead Acid Testing Nickel-based Batteries Testing Lithium-based Batteries Battery Management System Battery Sensing by Voltage-Current-Temperature Adding Capacity Estimations to the BMS Battery Test Equipment Battery Analyzer Battery Test Systems How to Repair a Battery Pack How to Repair a Laptop Battery How to Service Mobile Phone Batteries How to Maintain Fleet Batteries Part Three — Battery as Power Source Chapter 10 – Amazing Value of the Battery Batteries in Industry Batteries for Traction Batteries for Aviation Batteries for Aerospace Stationary Batteries Grid Storage Batteries Electric Powertrain Hybrid Electric Vehicle Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle Electric Vehicle Charging an Electric Vehicle Fuel Cell Vehicles Cost of Mobile and Renewable Power Power from Primary Batteries Power from Secondary Batteries Power from Other Sources Net Calorific Value Working Towards Sustainability Glossary Abbreviation / Conversion Bibliography Index About the Author About Cadex Afterword — The Battery Paradox