Lake Kinneret: Ecology and Management (Aquatic Ecology Series Book 6)

This condensed volume summarizes updated knowledge on the warm-monomictic subtropical Lake Kinneret, including its geophysical setting, the dynamics of physical, chemical and biological processes and the major natural and anthropogenic factors that affect this unique aquatic ecosystem. This work expands on a previous monograph on Lake Kinneret published in 1978 and capitalizes on the outcome of more than 40 years of research and monitoring activities. These were intensively integrated with lake management aimed at sustainable use for supply of drinking water, tourism, recreation and fishery. The book chapters are aimed at the limnological community, aquatic ecologists, managers of aquatic ecosystems and other professionals. It presents the geographic and geological setting, the meteorology and hydrology of the region, continues with various aspects of the pelagic and the littoral systems. Finally, the last section of the book addresses lake management, demonstrating how the accumulated knowledge was applied in order to manage this important source of freshwater. The section on the pelagic system comprises the heart of the book, addressing the major physical processes, external and internal loading, the pelagic communities (from bacteria to fish), physiological processes and the major biogeochemical cycles in the lake. 1. General Background / Tom Berman, Tamar Zohary, Ami Nishri And Assaf Sukenik -- Part I. The Geographical And Geological Setting. 2. Structure And Tectonic Development Of The Kinneret Basin / Zvi Ben-avraham, Michal Rosenthal, Gideon Tibor, Hila Navon, Hillel Wust-bloch, Rami Hofstetter And Michael Rybakov ; 3. Late Quaternary Limnological History / Mordechai Stein ; 4. Lake Bathymetry And Bottom Morphology / Gideon Tibor, Ronnie Sade, John K. Hall, Zvi Ben-avraham And Ami Nishri ; 5. Geomorphology / Nurit Shtober-zisu And Moshe Inbar -- Part Ii. The Physical And Chemical Setting. 6. Meteorology / Baruch Ziv, Elad Shilo, Yury Lechinsky And Alon Rimmer ; 7. Hydrology / Alon Rimmer And Amir Givati ; 8. Salinity / Alon Rimmer And Ami Nishri ; 9. The Seasonal Hydrodynamic Habitat / Jörg Imberger And Clelia Luisa Marti -- Part Iii. Pelagic Communities. 10. Phytoplankton / Tamar Zohary, Yosef Z. Yacobi, Alla Alster, Tatiana Fishbein, Shachaf Lippman And Gideon Tibor ; 11. Peridinium Gatunense / Tamar Zohary, Assaf Sukenik And Tom Berman ; 12. Cyanobacteria / Assaf Sukenik, Ora Hadas And Aaron Kaplan ; 13. Metazoan Zooplankton / Gideon Gal And K. David Hambright ; 14. Protozoa (unicellular Zooplankton) : Ciliates And Flagellates / Ora Hadas, Tom Berman, Nehama Malinsky-rushansky And Gideon Gal ; 15. Heterotrophic And Anoxygenic Photosynthetic Bacteria / Tom Berman, Yosef Z. Yacobi, Werner Eckert And Ilia Ostrovsky ; 16. Fish Biology And Ecology / Ilia Ostrovsky, Menachem Goren, James Shapiro, Gregory Snovsky And Alex Rynskiy ; 17. The Pelagic Food Web / Tamar Zohary, Gideon Gal And K. David Hambright -- Part Iv. Nutrient Sources And Biogeochemical Processes. 18. Material Loads From The Jordan River / Meir Rom, Diego Berger, Benjamin Teltsch And Doron Markel ; 19. External Sources Of Nutrients / Ami Nishri And Edit Leibovici ; 20. The Phosphorus Cycle / Werner Eckert And Ami Nishri ; 21. Quantitative Aspects Of The Nitrogen Cycle / Ami Nishri ; 22. Microbial Processes Within The Nitrogen Cycle / Ora Hadas ; 23. Dissolved Inorganic Carbon (dic) / Ami Nishri And Mariana Stiller ; 24. Primary Production / Yosef Z. Yacobi, Jonathan Erez And Ora Hadas ; 25. The Fate Of Organic Carbon / Tom Berman, Arkadi Parparov, Ora Hadas, Yosef Z. Yacobi, Orit Sivan, Ilia Ostrovsky And Werner Eckert ; 26. Seston And Organic Matter / Arkadi Parparov, Tamar Zohary, Tom Berman And Gideon Gal ; 27. Sedimentation Processes / Ilia Ostrovsky, Yosef Z. Yacobi And Nir Koren ; 28. Dynamics Of Redox-sensitive Elements / Ami Nishri And Ludwik Halicz -- Part V. The Littoral. 29. The Littoral Zone / Tamar Zohary And Avital Gasith -- Part Vi. Integrated Lake-watershed Management / 30. Social And Economic Background / Moshe Inbar And Dan Malkinson ; 31. Operational Management Of Lake Kinneret And Its Watershed / Doron Markel, Uri Shamir And Pinhas Green ; 32. The Monitoring Program / Assaf Sukenik, Tamar Zohary And Doron Markel ; 33. Water Pollutants / Assaf Sukenik, Shmuel Carmeli, Ora Hadas, Edit Leibovici, Nehama Malinsky-rushansky, Rita Parparov, Rivka Pinkas, Yehudith Viner-mozzini And David Wynne ; 34. Water Quality Assessment / Arkadi Parparov, K. David Hambright And Tom Berman ; 35. Modeling The Kinneret Ecosystem / Gideon Gal, Arkady Parparov And Natasa Atanasova ; 36. Fisheries Management / Ilia Ostrovsky, Tamar Zohary, James Shapiro, Gregory Snovsky And Doron Markel -- Part Vii. Overview. 37. Lake Kinneret : Current Understanding And Future Perspectives / Tamar Zohary, Assaf Sukenik And Ami Nishri. Tamar Zohary, Assaf Sukenik, Tom Berman, Ami Nishri, Editors. Includes Bibliographical References And Index. Front Matter....Pages i-xviii General Background....Pages 1-15 Front Matter....Pages 17-17 Structure and Tectonic Development of the Kinneret Basin....Pages 19-38 Late Quaternary Limnological History....Pages 39-58 Lake Bathymetry and Bottom Morphology....Pages 59-68 Geomorphology....Pages 69-77 Front Matter....Pages 79-79 Meteorology....Pages 81-96 Hydrology....Pages 97-111 Salinity....Pages 113-131 The Seasonal Hydrodynamic Habitat....Pages 133-157 Front Matter....Pages 159-159 Phytoplankton....Pages 161-190 Peridinium gatunense....Pages 191-212 Cyanobacteria....Pages 213-226 Metazoan Zooplankton....Pages 227-245 Protozoa (Unicellular Zooplankton): Ciliates and Flagellates....Pages 247-258 Heterotrophic and Anoxygenic Photosynthetic Bacteria....Pages 259-271 Fish Biology and Ecology....Pages 273-292 The Pelagic Food Web....Pages 293-306 Front Matter....Pages 307-307 Material Loads from the Jordan River....Pages 309-327 External Sources of Nutrients....Pages 329-346 The Phosphorus Cycle....Pages 347-363 Front Matter....Pages 307-307 Quantitative Aspects of the Nitrogen Cycle....Pages 365-379 Microbial Processes Within the Nitrogen Cycle....Pages 381-396 Dissolved Inorganic Carbon (DIC)....Pages 397-415 Primary Production....Pages 417-438 The Fate of Organic Carbon....Pages 439-472 Seston and Organic Matter....Pages 473-484 Sedimentation Processes....Pages 485-497 Dynamics of Redox-Sensitive Elements....Pages 499-513 Front Matter....Pages 515-515 The Littoral Zone....Pages 517-532 Front Matter....Pages 533-533 Social and Economic Background....Pages 535-539 Operational Management of Lake Kinneret and its Watershed....Pages 541-560 The Monitoring Program....Pages 561-575 Water Pollutants....Pages 577-606 Water Quality Assessment....Pages 607-615 Modeling the Kinneret Ecosystem....Pages 617-633 Fisheries Management....Pages 635-653 Front Matter....Pages 655-655 Lake Kinneret: Current Understanding and Future Perspectives....Pages 657-671 Back Matter....Pages 673-683 This book shows updated knowledge on the warm-monomictic subtropical Lake Kinneret, including its geophysical setting, the dynamics of physical, chemical and biological processes and the major natural and anthropogenic factors that affect this unique aquatic ecosystem. This work expands on a previous monograph on Lake Kinneret published in 1978 and capitalizes on the outcome of more than 40 years of research and monitoring activities. These were intensively integrated with lake management aimed at sustainable use for supply of drinking water, tourism, recreation and fishery. The book chapters are aimed at the limnological community, aquatic ecologists, managers of aquatic ecosystems and other professionals. It presents the geographic and geological setting, the meteorology and hydrology of the region, continues with various aspects of the pelagic and the littoral systems. Finally, the last section of the book addresses lake management, demonstrating how the accumulated knowledge was applied in order to manage this important source of freshwater. The section on the pelagic system comprises the heart of the book, addressing the major physical processes, external and internal loading, the pelagic communities (from bacteria to fish), physiological processes and the major biogeochemical cycles in the lake 3.5.1 Times of Convergence and Abrupt Drops in Kinneret and Lisan lakes3.5.2 Geological Studies in Sites Around Lake Kinneret; 3.5.2.1 The Ohalo-II Archeological Site and the Menahemya Section; 3.5.2.2 Tel Bet Yerach: Sedimentary and Archeological Archive of the Late Pleistocene and Mid-Holocene Lake Kinneret; 3.5.2.3 The Late Holocene Lake-The Galei Kinneret Archaeological Site; 3.6 Sr/Ca Ratios and 87Sr/86Sr Isotope Ratios Constraints on Sources of Lake Kinneret Waters; 3.7 New Studies and Future Perspectives; References; Chapter-4; Lake Bathymetry and Bottom Morphology; 4.1 Introduction Preface; Contents; Contributors; Chapter-1; General Background; 1.1 Historical Background; 1.2 Research on Lake Kinneret; 1.3 Morphometric and Limnological Featuresof Lake Kinneret; 1.4 Seasonal Patterns of some Limnological Parameters; 1.5 Man-Induced Changes that Impacted the Lake Kinneret Ecosystem; References; Part I; The Geographical and Geological Setting; Chapter-2; Structure and Tectonic Development of the Kinneret Basin; 2.1 Introduction; 2.2 Bathymetry; 2.3 Sub-Bottom Structure; 2.3.1 Deep Section; 2.3.1.1 Magnetic Pattern; 2.3.1.2 Gravity; 2.3.2 Shallow Section 6.2.1 Meteorological Measurements6.2.2 The Annual Heat Energy Cycle; 6.2.3 The Diel Heat Energy Cycle; References; Chapter-7; Hydrology; 7.1 The Hydrology of Lake Kinneret Watershed; 7.1.1 The Hermon Mountain; 7.1.2 The Hula Valley; 7.1.3 The Golan Heights; 7.1.4 The Eastern Galilee Mountains; 7.2 Lake Kinneret Water Balance; 7.3 Natural and Anthropogenic Changes in Water Level; 7.4 Hydrological Modeling in the Lake Kinneret Watershed; 7.5 Summary; References; Chapter-8; Salinity; 8.1 Introduction to the Salinity of Lake Kinneret; 8.2 The History of Lake Kinneret Salinity 4.2 Lake Bathymetry and Bottom Morphology4.3 Long-Term Changes in Lake Bathymetry; 4.4 Morpholineaments and Their Origin; References; Chapter-5; Geomorphology; 5.1 Physiographic Units; 5.2 Environmental Hazards; 5.3 History of Land Degradation; References; Part II ; The Physical and Chemical Setting; Chapter-6; Meteorology; 6.1 Climatic Features of Lake Kinneret Watershed; 6.1.1 Climatic Classification of the Lake Kinneret Watershed; 6.1.2 Rain; 6.1.3 Air Temperature; 6.1.4 Wind Regime; 6.1.5 Climatic Changes; 6.2 Energy Balance and Evaporation from Lake Kinneret Surface 2.4 Active Tectonics 2.5 Seismicity; 2.5.1 Microseismic Catalog; 2.5.2 Implications of Microseismic Data of Different Time Scales; 2.6 Conclusions; References; Chapter-3; Late Quaternary Limnological History; 3.1 Introduction; 3.2 From the Late Neogene Sedom Lagoon to the Modern Dead Sea; 3.2.1 The Sedom Lagoon; 3.3 Late Quaternary Lakes in the Dead Sea basin; 3.4 The Late Pleistocene-Holocene Limnological History of Lake Kinneret; 3.4.1 Origin of the Saline Springs; 3.5 The Late Pleistocene and Holocene History of Lake Kinneret