Lacrimal Gland, Tear Film, and Dry Eye Syndromes 2: Basic Science and Clinical Relevance (Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology (438))

During the past two decades, a significant international research effort has been di­ rected toward understanding the composition and regulation of the preocular tear film. This effort has been motivated by the recognition that the tear film plays an essential role in maintaining corneal and conjunctival integrity, protecting against microbial challenge, and preserving visual acuity. In addition, research has been stimulated by the knowledge that alteration or deficiency of the tear film, which occurs in countless individuals throughout the world, may lead to desiccation of the ocular surface, ulceration and perfo­ ration of the cornea, an increased incidence of infectious disease, and, potentially, pro­ nounced visual disability and blindness. To promote further progress in this field of vision research, the Second International Conference on the Lacrimal Gland, Tear Film and Dry Eye Syndromes: Basic Science and Clinical Relevance was held at the Southampton Princess Resort in Bermuda November 16-19, 1996. This conference was organized and directed by David A. Sullivan, Ph. D. , codirected by Darlene A. Dartt, Ph. D. , and Michele A. Meneray, Ph. D. , and sponsored by the Schepens Eye Research Institute (Boston, MA), an affiliate of Harvard Medical School. The meeting was designed to assess critically the current knowledge and "state of the art" research on the structure and function of lacrimal tissue, tears, and the ocular sur­ face in both health and disease. Front Matter....Pages i-xxiii A Clinician Looks at the Tearfilm....Pages 1-9 Influence of Gender, Sex Steroid Hormones, and the Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis on the Structure and Function of the Lacrimal Gland....Pages 11-42 Androgen-Regulated Transcription in the Epithelium of the Rat Lacrimal Gland....Pages 43-48 Gene Cloning of BM180, a Lacrimal Gland Enriched Basement Membrane Protein with a Role in Stimulated Secretion....Pages 49-54 Sensory Denervation Leads to Deregulated Protein Synthesis in the Lacrimal Gland....Pages 55-62 Acinar Cell Basal-Lateral Membrane—Endomembrane Traffic May Mediate Interactions with Both T Cells and B Cells....Pages 63-68 Tissue Expression of Tear Lipocalin in Humans....Pages 69-73 The Exorbital Lacrimal Glands of the Rat are Tensed in Situ....Pages 75-80 Aberrant Lacrimal Gland Development in an Anophthalmic Mutant Strain of Rat....Pages 81-84 Hormonal Influences on Syrian Hamster Lacrimal Gland....Pages 85-88 Androgen Support of Lacrimal Gland Function in the Female Rabbit....Pages 89-93 Identification and Hormonal Control of Sex Steroid Receptors in the Eye....Pages 95-100 Dinucleotide Repeat Polymorphism Near the Tear Lipocalin Gene....Pages 101-103 Studies of Ligand Binding and CD Analysis with Apo- and Holo-Tear Lipocalins....Pages 105-112 Signal Transduction Pathways Activated by Cholinergic and α 1 -Adrenergic Agonists in the Lacrimal Gland....Pages 113-121 Calcium Signalling in Lacrimal Acinar Cells....Pages 123-128 Voltage- and Ca 2+ -Dependent Chloride Current Activated by Hyposmotic and Hyperosmotic Stress in Rabbit Superior Lacrimal Acinar Cells....Pages 129-132 G Protein Coupling of Receptor Activation to Lacrimal Secretion....Pages 133-138 Microtubules and Intracellular Traffic of Secretory Proteins in Rat Extraorbital Lacrimal Glands....Pages 139-144 Effects of Neuropeptides on Serotonin Release and Protein and Peroxidase Secretion in the Isolated Rat Lacrimal Gland....Pages 145-151 Analysis of Phosphodiesterase Isoenzymes in the Ocular Glands of the Rabbit....Pages 153-156 Immunohistochemistry and Secretory Effects of Leucine Enkephalin in the Isolated Pig Lacrimal Gland....Pages 157-161 Interaction between Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide (VIP) and Neuropeptide Y (NPY) in the Isolated Rat Lacrimal Gland....Pages 163-167 Identification and Cellular Localization of the Components of the VIP Signaling Pathway in the Lacrimal Gland....Pages 169-176 Kinesin Activation Drives the Retrieval of Secretory Membranes Following Secretion in Rabbit Lacrimal Acinar Cells....Pages 177-180 Protein Kinase C Isoforms Differentially Control Lacrimal Gland Functions....Pages 181-186 Role of Protein Kinases in Regulation of Apical Secretion and Basal-Lateral Membrane Recycling Traffic in Reconstituted Rabbit Lacrimal Gland Acini....Pages 187-190 Brefeldin a Detoxification in Rat Extraorbital Lacrimal Glands....Pages 191-195 Identification and Characterization of G Proteins in the Mammalian Lacrimal Gland....Pages 197-203 Inward-Rectifying Potassium Channels in the Rabbit Superior Lacrimal Gland....Pages 205-208 Electrophysiological Evidence for Reduced Water Flow from Lacrimal Gland Acinar Epithelium of NZB/NFW F1 Mice....Pages 209-219 Cellular Origin of Mucins of the Ocular Surface Tear Film....Pages 221-227 Soluble Mucin and the Physical Properties of Tears....Pages 229-234 Characterization and Origin of Major High-Molecular-Weight Tear Sialoglycoproteins....Pages 235-238 Detection and Quantification of Conjunctival Mucins....Pages 239-246 Mucous Contribution to Rat Tear-Film Thickness Measured with a Microelectrode Technique....Pages 247-252 Structural Analysis of Secreted Ocular Mucins in Canine Dry Eye....Pages 253-263 Corneal Epithelial Tight Junctions and the Localization of Surface Mucin....Pages 265-271 Breakup and Dewetting of the Corneal Mucus Layer....Pages 273-280 The Meibomian Glands and Tear Film Lipids....Pages 281-295 Tear Film Interferometry as a Diagnostic Tool for Evaluating Normal and Dry-Eye Tear Film....Pages 297-303 Human and Rabbit Lipid Layer and Interference Pattern Observations....Pages 305-308 Abnormal Lipid Layers....Pages 309-313 Association of Tear Lipid Layer Interference Patterns with Superficial Punctate Keratopathy....Pages 315-317 Meibomian Secretions in Chronic Blepharitis....Pages 319-326 Androgen Regulation of the Meibomian Gland....Pages 327-331 Delivery of Meibominn Oil Using the Clinical Meibometer®....Pages 333-338 Volume of the Human and Rabbit Meibomian Gland System....Pages 339-343 Effect of Meibomian Gland Occlusion on Tear Film Lipid Layer Thickness....Pages 345-348 Meibomian Gland Lipids, Evaporation, and Tear Film Stability....Pages 349-360 Surface-Chemical Pathways of the Tear Film Breakup....Pages 361-370 The Biophysical Role in Tear Regulation....Pages 371-380 Longitudinal Analysis of Precorneal Tear Film Rupture Patterns....Pages 381-389 The Role of Tear Proteins in Tear Film Stability in the Dry Eye Patient and in the Rabbit....Pages 391-400 Relationship Between Pre-Ocular Tear Film Structure and Stability....Pages 401-405 Association of Precorneal and Preconjunctival Tear Film....Pages 407-410 Age and Gender Effects on the Normal Tear Film....Pages 411-415 The Kinetics of Lid Motion and its Effects on the Tear Film....Pages 417-424 Hydrodynamics of Meniscus-Induced Thinning of the Tear Film....Pages 425-431 Computer-Assisted Calculation of Exposed Area of the Human Eye....Pages 433-439 Cytokines....Pages 441-446 Gender- and Androgen-Related Impact on the Expression of Proto-Oncogenes and Apoptotic Factors in Lacrimal and Salivary Glands of Mouse Models of Sjögren’s Syndrome....Pages 447-452 Apoptosis in the Lacrimal Gland and Conjunctiva of Dry Eye Dogs....Pages 453-460 Cytokines and Tear Function in Ocular Surface Disease....Pages 461-469 Chemokine Production in Conjunctival Epithelial Cells....Pages 471-478 Molecular Basis and Role of Differential Cytokine Production in T Helper Cell Subsets in Immunologic Disease....Pages 479-484 Presence and Testosterone Influence on the Levels of Anti- and Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines in Lacrimal Tissues of a Mouse Model of Sjögren’s Syndrome....Pages 485-491 Infiltrating Lymphocyte Populations and Cytokine Production in the Salivary and Lacrimal Glands of Autoimmune NOD Mice....Pages 493-497 Do Cytokines Have a Role in the Regulation of Lacrimal Gland Acinar Cell Ion Transport and Protein Secretion?....Pages 499-503 The Rat Exorbital Lacrimal Gland as a Site of Synthesis of EGF-Like Growth Factors....Pages 505-510 The Distribution of FGF-2 and TGF-β Within the Lacrimal Gland of Rabbits....Pages 511-514 Tear Fluid Changes after Photorefractive Keratectomy....Pages 515-521 Time Course of Apoptosis in Lacrimal Gland after Rabbit Ovariectomy....Pages 523-526 Co-Expression of BCL-2 and CD44S in Basal Layers of Human Ocular Surface Epithelia....Pages 527-531 Alterations of Ocular Surface Gene Expression in Sjögren’s Syndrome....Pages 533-536 Growth Factor Interaction with Contact Lenses: Evidence for and Possible Effects of Storage of Basic FGF in Contact Lenses....Pages 537-540 Neural, Endocrine, and Immune System Interactions....Pages 541-549 Inductive Sites for Rat Tear IgA Antibody Responses....Pages 551-556 Anatomy of Mammalian Conjunctival Lymphoepithelium....Pages 557-565 Binding of a Cytopathic or an Invasive Strain of p. Aeruginosa to Cytoskeletal, Basement Membrane, or Matrix Proteins of Wounded Cornea is Similar and does not Rely on Interaction with Actin Filaments....Pages 567-574 Secretory IgA Responses on the Human Ocular Surface....Pages 575-581 A Method to Study Induction of Autoimmunity in Vitro: Co-Culture of Lacrimal Cells and Autologous Immune System Cells....Pages 583-589 Rat Lacrimal Glands Contain Activated and Resting Mature T Cells, Recent Thymic Emigrants, and Possibly Extrathymic Populations....Pages 591-598 Immunohistochemical Examination of Lacrimal Gland Tissue from Patients with Ocular Sarcoidosis....Pages 599-602 Immunoglobulin Levels in the Tears of Patients with Corneal Grafts and Transplant Rejection....Pages 603-609 Tear Fluid Influence on the Ocular Surface....Pages 611-617 Effects of Lacrimal Gland Removal on Squirrel Monkey Cornea....Pages 619-624 Lacrimal Gland Growth Factors and Receptors: Lacrimal Fibroblastic Cells are a Source of Tear HGF....Pages 625-628 Clusterin may be Essential for Maintaining Ocular Surface Epithelium as a Non-Keratinizing Epithelium....Pages 629-635 Effects of Chronic Hypertonic Stress on Regulatory Volume Increase and Na-K-2Cl Cotransporter Expression in Cultured Corneal Epithelial Cells....Pages 637-642 A Unified Theory of the Role of the Ocular Surface in Dry Eye....Pages 643-651 Human Tear Film Components Bind Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ....Pages 653-658 Small-Volume Analysis of Rabbit Tears and Effects of a Corneal Wound on Tear Protein Spectra....Pages 659-664 31–27 kDa Caseinolytic Protease in Human Tears....Pages 665-667 Tear Protein Levels Following Punctal Plugging....Pages 669-674 Characterization of Cells Shed from the Ocular Surface in Normal Eyes....Pages 675-681 Healing Effect of Sodium-Sucrose-Octasulfate and EGF on Epithelial Corneal Abrasions in Rabbits....Pages 683-686 A Novel Approach to Resolve Cellular Volume Responses to an Anisotonic Challenge....Pages 687-692 Classification of Artificial Tears....Pages 693-704 Classification of Artificial Tears....Pages 705-715 The Ocular Surface, the Tear Film, and the Wettability of Contact Lenses....Pages 717-722 Conjunctival Permeability and Ultrastructure....Pages 723-730 Preservative Effect on Epithelial Barrier Function Measured with a Novel Technique....Pages 731-735 Video Biomicroscopy of the Tear Film....Pages 737-743 Patient-Dependent and Material-Dependent Factors in Contact Lens Deposition Processes....Pages 745-751 Effectiveness of Bion Tears, Cellufresh, Aquasite, and Refresh Plus for Moderate to Severe Dry Eye....Pages 753-760 Ocular Residence Time of Carboxymethylcellulose Solutions....Pages 761-767 Vitronectin Adsorption in Contact Lens Surfaces During Wear....Pages 769-773 Effect of Tears and Tear Residues on Worn Etafilcon and Polymacon Disposable Contact Lenses on the Adhesion of Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ....Pages 775-784 Hyaluronan in Dry Eye and Contact Lens Wearers....Pages 785-790 Epidemiology and Classification of Dry Eye....Pages 791-803 Candees....Pages 805-806 Sensitivity and Specificity of a Screening Questionnaire for Dry Eye....Pages 807-820 Use of a Questionnaire for the Diagnosis of Tear Film-Related Ocular Surface Disease....Pages 821-825 Importance of Conjunctival Epithelial Evaluation in the Diagnostic Differentiation of Dry Eye from Drug-Induced Epithelial Keratopathy....Pages 827-830 The Size of Corneal Epithelial Cells Collected by Contact Lens Cytology from Dry Eyes....Pages 831-834 Optimum Dry Eye Classification Using Questionnaire Responses....Pages 835-838 Diagnostic Value of Tear Film Abnormalities in A New Syndrome Affecting the Neuroendocrine and Immune Systems....Pages 839-843 Low-Tech Detection of Tear Film-Related Diseases of the Ocular Surface....Pages 845-851 Using LIPCOF (Lid-Parallel Conjunctival Fold) for Assessing the Degree of Dry Eye, It is Essential to Observe the Exact Position of That Specific Fold....Pages 853-858 Use of the Tearscope Plus and Attachments in the Routine Examination of the Marginal Dry Eye Contact Lens Patient....Pages 859-867 Evaluation of Schirmer Tests by Two Types of Tear Clearance Tests....Pages 869-873 Fluorescein Dye Concentration as a Factor in Tear Film Fluorescence....Pages 875-878 A New Method for Measuring Human Basic Tear Fluid Osmolality....Pages 879-882 Micropachometric Quantification of Tear Assessment Tests....Pages 883-886 Use of Corneal Thickness Changes to Compare the Efficacy of Conventional Eye Drops with Supracutaneous Treatment of Dry Eye....Pages 887-889 Sjögren’s Syndrome....Pages 891-902 Reflex Tearing in Dry Eye Not Associated with Sjögren’s Syndrome....Pages 903-907 Cytokine mRNA Expression in Labial Salivary Glands and Cytokine Secretion in Parotid Saliva in Sjögren’s Syndrome....Pages 909-915 Age-Related Decrease in Innervation Density of the Lacrimal Gland in Mouse Models of Sjögren’s Syndrome....Pages 917-923 Aberrant Expression and Potential Function for Parotid Secretory Protein (PSP) in the NOD (Non-Obese Diabetic) Mouse....Pages 925-930 Survey of Canine Tear Deficiency in Veterinary Practice....Pages 931-939 Lacrimation and Salivation are Not Related to Lymphocytic Infiltration in Lacrimal and Salivary Glands in MRL lpr/lpr Mice....Pages 941-948 The Sjögren Syndrome and Tear Function Profile....Pages 949-952 Cytokines may Prove Useful in the Treatment of Sjögrens Syndrome (SS) Dry Eye....Pages 953-958 The Now and Future Therapy of the Non-Sjögren’s Dry Eye....Pages 959-964 Dry Eye Treatment with Eye Drops that Stimulate Mucin Production....Pages 965-968 A Dose-Ranging Clinical Trial to Assess the Safety and Efficacy of Cyclosporine Ophthalmic Emulsion in Patients with Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca....Pages 969-972 Oral Pilocarpine for Symptomatic Relief of Dry Mouth and Dry Eyes in Patients with Sjögrens Syndrome....Pages 973-978 Oral Pilocarpine for Symptomatic Relief of Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca in Patients with Sjögren’s Syndrome....Pages 979-983 Supracutaneous Treatment of Dry Eye Patients with Calcium Carbonate....Pages 985-990 Preclinical Safety Studies of Cyclosporine Ophthalmic Emulsion....Pages 991-995 Conjunctival Impression Cytology from Dogs with Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca....Pages 997-1000 Cyclosporine Distribution into the Conjunctiva, Cornea, Lacrimal Gland, and Systemic Blood Following Topical Dosing of Cyclosporine to Rabbit, Dog, and Human Eyes....Pages 1001-1004 Estrogen Therapy in Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca....Pages 1005-1009 Dry Eye Treatment with Acupuncture....Pages 1011-1016 Punctal Occlusion for the Treatment of Dry Eye....Pages 1017-1020 Keratoprosthesis in Pemphigoid and Stevens-Johnson Syndrome....Pages 1021-1025 Portable Device for Programmable, Automatic, or On-Demand Delivery of Artificial Tears....Pages 1027-1032 Back Matter....Pages 1033-1051