Laboratory Medicine in Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, 2e (Mar 21, 2023)_(1615374507)_(Amer Psychiatric Pub Inc)

The past decade has seen a proliferation of research and publication related to laboratory science and psychiatry. Those advances are now captured in this revised second edition of Laboratory Medicine in Psychiatry and Behavioral Science. Backed by years of clinical practice and research in neuropsychiatry and informed by literature from the National Library of Medicine as well as sources such as the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists Drug Information book, online resources from ARUP Laboratories, and the American Association for Clinical Chemistry, this volume is designed to assist psychiatrists and other behavioral health clinicians in the care of adult psychiatric patients across a wide range of settings. With the same comprehensive approach that was a hallmark of the first edition, this edition features new sections on COVID-19, 22q11.2 deletion syndrome, and DRESS syndrome, as well as updated descriptions of Laboratory tests, from CT angiography and blood alcohol level to electrocardiograms and a renal function panel Diseases and conditions, including Alzheimer's disease, autism spectrum disorder, HIV and AIDS, and schizophrenia Screening and monitoring of psychotropic medications, including benzodiazepines, fluoxetine, naltrexone, and vardenafil Readers can be confident that the provided information is relevant to their daily practice: The included laboratory tests were chosen because they are core for any patient, are novel in medicine, or are particularly pertinent to psychiatry or behavioral health. Similarly, the diseases and conditions described are those for which laboratory tests are important in diagnosis or differential diagnosis; those that are common among psychiatric or geriatric patients; and those that have significant psychiatric, cognitive, or behavioral consequences. With appendixes that contain algorithms, tables, and figures that will aid in understanding and interpreting various laboratory tests and their underlying biology, this volume sets itself apart from any other reference and is an indispensable resource for anyone in general psychiatric practice, from trainees to physician assistants and advanced practice nurses. Cover Abbreviations Half Title Title Copyright Contents About the Author Introduction Chapter 1. Laboratory Tests Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) Alanine transaminase (ALT) Albumin Aldosterone Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) Alprazolam level Ammonia Amylase Angiography, computed tomography (cerebrovascular) Angiography, magnetic resonance (cerebrovascular) Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) Antinuclear antibody (ANA) testing Antiphospholipid (aPL) antibodies Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) genotyping Aspartate transaminase (AST) Basic metabolic panel (BMP) Bile acids Bilirubin Blood alcohol level (BAL) Blood gases Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) Bone mineral density scan Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) Calcium Carbamazepine level Carbohydrate-deficient transferrin (CDT) Carbon dioxide (CO[sub(2)]) Carotid ultrasound Cerebrospinal fluid amyloid-β[sub(1–42)] (CSF Aβ[sub(1–42)]) Cerebrospinal fluid analysis Cerebrospinal fluid cell count and differential Cerebrospinal fluid cytology Cerebrospinal fluid glucose Cerebrospinal fluid lactate Cerebrospinal fluid protein Cerebrospinal fluid tau protein Chest X-ray (CXR) Chlordiazepoxide level Chloride Cholinesterase Clonazepam level Clozapine level Complete blood count (CBC) Comprehensive metabolic panel (CMP) Computed tomography scan, head Cortisol C-reactive protein (CRP) Creatine kinase (CK) Creatinine Cystatin-C Cytochrome P450 (CYP450) genotyping Dexamethasone suppression test (DST) Diazepam level Echocardiogram Electrocardiogram Electroencephalogram (EEG) Electrolytes panel Electromyography (EMG) and nerve conduction testing (NCT) Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) Estrogens Ethylene glycol level Event-related potential (ERP) testing Evoked potential (EP) testing Fecal blood testing Ferritin Flurazepam level Folate level Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) Fragile X DNA testing Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) Gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) Glucose Heavy metal screening Hematocrit Hemoglobin Hemoglobin A1C (HbA1C) Hepatitis panel High-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) HIV testing Homocysteine level Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) Human growth hormone level Huntingtin gene mutation Iron level Lipase Lipid panel Lithium level Liver function tests (LFTs) Lorazepam level Lyme antibodies Magnesium Magnetic resonance imaging Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) Mammography Mean corpuscular volume (MCV) Metanephrines Methanol level Methylmalonic acid (MMA) level Multiple sleep latency test (MSLT) and maintenance of wakefulness test (MWT) Osmolality Oxazepam level Parathyroid hormone (PTH) Phosphate Platelet count Polysomnography Positron emission tomography, brain Potassium Prealbumin Prolactin Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) Protein, serum Pyridoxine (vitamin B[sub(6)]) level Quantitative electroencephalogram (qEEG) Red blood cell (RBC) count Renal function panel Reticulocyte count Serotonin transporter polymorphism Single-photon emission computed tomography Sodium Syphilis testing Temazepam level Testosterone level Thiamine level Thyroid function testing: free thyroxine Thyroid function testing: thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) Total iron-binding capacity (TIBC) Transferrin; transferrin saturation Triglycerides Troponins Tuberculosis (TB) testing Uric acid Urinalysis Urine appearance Urine bilirubin Urine blood, hemoglobin, and myoglobin Urine casts Urine color Urine crystals Urine dipstick testing Urine drug screen Urine epithelial cells and epithelial casts Urine glucose Urine ketones Urine leukocyte esterase Urine microalbumin Urine nitrite Urine pH Urine protein Urine red blood cells (RBCs) and RBC casts Urine specific gravity Urine white blood cells (WBCs) and WBC casts Urobilinogen Valproate level Vitamin B[sub(12)] level Vitamin D level White blood cell (WBC) count White blood cell (WBC) count differential: basophils White blood cell (WBC) count differential: eosinophils White blood cell (WBC) count differential: lymphocytes White blood cell (WBC) count differential: monocytes White blood cell (WBC) count differential: neutrophils Chapter 2. Diseases and Conditions 22q11.2 deletion syndrome Adrenal insufficiency (AI) Alcohol use disorder (AUD) Aluminum toxicity Alzheimer’s disease (AD) Anemia Anorexia nervosa (AN) Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) Anxiety disorder due to another medical condition; substance/medication-induced anxiety disorder Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in adults Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) Bipolar and related disorder due to another medical condition Brain abscess Brain tumor Bulimia nervosa (BN) Catatonia Central pontine myelinolysis (CPM) Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) Cirrhosis COVID-19 Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) Cushing’s syndrome (CS) Delirium Dementia Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) Depressive disorder due to another medical condition Diabetes insipidus (DI) Diabetes mellitus (DM) Down syndrome (DS) DRESS syndrome Drug abuse Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) Dysphagia Encephalitis, viral Ethylene glycol poisoning Fatty liver disease Folate deficiency Fragile X syndrome (FXS) Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) Hashimoto’s encephalopathy Headache Hemochromatosis Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) Hepatitis, viral HIV and AIDS Huntington’s disease (HD) Hydrocephalus Hypercalcemia Hyperglycemia Hyperkalemia Hypermagnesemia Hypernatremia Hyperparathyroidism Hypertensive encephalopathy Hypocalcemia Hypoglycemia Hypogonadism Hypokalemia Hypomagnesemia Hyponatremia Hypoparathyroidism Hypothyroidism Infectious mononucleosis (IM) Insomnia disorder Klinefelter’s syndrome Lead poisoning Limbic encephalitis (LE) Lyme disease Major depressive disorder (MDD) Manganese poisoning Manic episode Marchiafava-Bignami disease (MBD) Meningitis Mercury poisoning Metabolic syndrome Metachromatic leukodystrophy (MLD) Methanol poisoning Mild neurocognitive disorder Multiple sclerosis (MS) Myocardial infarction (MI) Narcolepsy Neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) Obsessive-compulsive disorder Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) Organophosphate poisoning Osteoporosis Pancreatitis, acute Pancreatitis, chronic Panic attack and panic disorder Parkinson’s disease (PD) Pellagra Peripheral neuropathy Pheochromocytoma Pica Porphyria Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) Psychogenic polydipsia Psychotic disorder due to another medical condition Pyridoxine deficiency Restless legs syndrome (RLS) Sarcoidosis Schizophrenia Seizures Stroke Subdural hematoma (SDH) Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuresis (SIAD) Syphilis Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) Thiamine deficiency Thrombocytopenia Thrombocytosis Thyrotoxicosis Tuberculosis (TB) Uremic syndrome Urinary tract infection (UTI) Vitamin B[sub(12)] deficiency Wernicke’s encephalopathy (WE) and Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome Wilson’s disease Chapter 3. Psychotropic Medications: Laboratory Screening and Monitoring Acamprosate Amphetamines Antipsychotics, first generation Aripiprazole Asenapine Atomoxetine Benzodiazepines Bremelanotide Brexpiprazole Buprenorphine Bupropion Buspirone Carbamazepine Cariprazine Citalopram Clozapine Desvenlafaxine Donepezil Duloxetine Escitalopram Fluoxetine Fluvoxamine Gabapentin Galantamine Guanfacine Iloperidone Ketamine and esketamine Lamotrigine Lemborexant Levetiracetam Levomilnacipran Lithium Lofexidine Lumateperone Lurasidone Memantine Methylphenidate Milnacipran Mirtazapine Monoamine oxidase inhibitors Naltrexone Nefazodone Nonbenzodiazepine hypnotics Olanzapine Olanzapine-samidorphan Opioids Oxcarbazepine Paliperidone Paroxetine Pimavanserin Pitolisant Quetiapine Ramelteon Risperidone Rivastigmine Serdexmethylphenidate/Dexmethylphenidate Sertraline Sildenafil Suvorexant Tasimelteon Topiramate Tramadol Trazodone Tricyclic antidepressants Valproate/Divalproex Vardenafil Varenicline Venlafaxine Vilazodone Vortioxetine Ziprasidone Appendix A. Therapeutic and Toxic Drug Levels at a Glance Appendix B. Additional Information on Neuroimaging Neuroimaging signal appearance: MRI and CT Approach to reading a head CT scan Appendix C. Additional Cardiac-Related Information Ten rules for a normal electrocardiogram Cardiovascular risk assessment Medical evaluation for electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) Appendix D. The Bilirubin Cycle Appendix E. The Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuresis References Index "This second edition of Laboratory Medicine in Psychiatry and Behavioral Science is substantially revised from the first edition published in 2012. In the intervening decade, an explosion of research and publication related to laboratory science and psychiatry has left virtually no subject area untouched. As with the first edition, this manual is designed to assist psychiatrists and other behavioral health clinicians in the care of adult psychiatric patients across a wide range of settings. Among the thousands of laboratory tests available, tests that were selected for inclusion met one or more of the following criteria: a core or basic laboratory test for any patient; a test that is particularly pertinent to psychiatry or behavioral health; or a test that is new to medicine and potentially of interest in the field of behavioral health, including geriatrics. Diseases and conditions selected for inclusion were those for which laboratory tests are primary or important in diagnosis or differential diagnosis; those that are core or common conditions among psychiatric or geriatric patients; and those that have important psychiatric, cognitive, or behavioral consequences. The appendixes contain several algorithms, tables, and figures that may be useful in understanding and interpreting various laboratory tests and their underlying biology"-- Provided by publisher