آزمایشگاه روی تراشه: تکنیک‌ها، مدارها و کاربردهای بیومدیکال

Here's a groundbreaking book that introduces and discusses the important aspects of lab-on-a-chip, including the practical techniques, circuits, microsystems, and key applications in the biomedical, biology, and life science fields. Moreover, this volume covers ongoing research in lab-on-a-chip integration and electric field imaging. Presented in a clear and logical manner, the book provides the fundamental underpinnings of lab-on-a-chip, presents practical results, and brings readers up to date with state-of-the-art research in the field. This unique resource is supported with over 160 illustrations that clarify important topics throughout.

"...a tour de force...prepare to be amazed."

—John C. Bogle, Founder and Former CEO, The Vanguard Group

A bold new look at the continuing era of prosperity—how we got here, and where we could be headed

Why didn't the Florentines invent the steam engines and flying machines that Da Vinci sketched? What kept the master metallurgists of ancient Rome from discovering electricity? The Birth of Plenty takes a fascinating new look at the key conditions that had to be in place before world economic growth—and the technological progress underlying it—could occur, why those pathways are still absent in many parts of today's world, and what must be done before true, universal prosperity can become a reality.

Praise for The Birth of Plenty:

"Bill Bernstein has given us a compact and immensely readable economic, political, military, and institutional history of our civilization that is a tour de force. Put everything else down. Take a deep breath. Open The Birth of Plenty. And prepare to be amazed.

—John C. Bogle, Founder and Former CEO, The Vanguard Group

"The Birth of Plenty is a brilliantly written, whirlwind account of how the modern world was formed. It is a hugely enjoyable read, full of vigor and liveliness, and a book every American should possess—at least those who treasure our abundant life and care about our future."

—William Schultheis, Author, The Coffeehouse Investor

"Put simply, this is my favorite economic history book. It gathers what is interesting about economic history to draw important lessons."
—Ed Tower, Professor of Economics, Duke University

"William Bernstein scrutinizes the research literature, distills it with originality and insight, then shares the results with classic Bernstein clarity and wit. Ideologues on both political wings should prepare to have their assumptions challenged."

—Bernard Sherman, Host, Talk of Iowa - Focus on Finance radio show

"Not long after 1820, prosperity began flowing in an ever increasing torrent; with each successive generation, the life of the son became observably more comfortable, informed, and predictable than that of the father. This book will examine the nature, causes, and consequences of this transformation..."

—From the Introduction

The Birth of Plenty doesn't mean to suggest that nothing of note existed before 1820. What The Birth of Plenty suggests—and supports with irrefutable fact and groundbreaking analysis—is that, from the dawn of recorded history through 1820, the "mass of man" experienced essentially zero growth, either in economic standing or living standards. It was only in the third decade of the nineteenth century that the much of the world's standard of living began to inexorably and irreversibly improve, and the modern world was born.

But what changed, and why then? Noted financial expert and neurologist William Bernstein isolates the four conditions which, when occurring simultaneously, constitute an all-inclusive formula for human progress:

• Property rights—Creators must have proper incentives to create
• Scientific rationalism—Innovators must be allowed to innovate without fear of retribution
• Capital markets—Entrepreneurs must be given access to capital to pursue their visions
• Transportation/communication—Society must provide mechanisms for effective communication of ideas and transport of finished products

Beyond just shining a light on how quickly progress occurs once the building blocks are in place, however, The Birth of Plenty examines how their absence constitutes nothing less than a prescription for continued human struggle and pain. Why do so many parts of the world remain behind, while others learn to adapt, adopt, and move forward? What must long-troubled nations do to pull themselves from the never-ending spiral of defeatism? The Birth of Plenty addresses these timely and vital questions head-on, empirically and without apology, and provides answers that are both thought-provoking and troubling.

The Birth of Plenty frames the modern world's prosperity—or, in far too many cases, continuing lack of prosperity—in terms that are ingenious yet simple, complex yet easily understood. Entertaining and provocative, it will forever change the way you view the human pursuit of happiness, and bring the conflicts of both the world's superpowers and developing nations into a fascinating and informative new light.

Publishers Weekly

Rather than dry academic analysis, Bernstein, in his second book (after Four Pillars of Investing), has created a vital, living text-a cogent, timely journey through the economic history of the modern world. He identifies institutions ("the framework within which human beings think, interact and carry on business") as the engines of prosperity. Boiled down to four (property rights, the scientific method, capital markets and communications), these institutions come from ideas and practices that bubbled forth over the course of hundreds of years. Bernstein is clear in explaining that the civilizations that develop and implement these systems thrive, and that those that do not, perish. The Spanish empire, for example, had most of these but lacked effective capital markets. When the gold from the New World dried up, the empire essentially went broke. By 1840 the British had all of these institutions in place, economic growth exploded and the lot of the common man was immensely improved. Today, the U.S. faces the challenge of sustaining prosperity in the face of rapid technological change. Though fairly Eurocentric in focus, Bernstein's narrative tracks the development of these essential ingredients to prosperity over a global landscape-the great dynasties of China get plenty of attention here, as do the Japanese. Solid writing and poignant assessments of the economic players throughout time give texture and flavor to Bernstein's argument: he describes the medieval relationship between the various European kingdoms and the Vatican as "a holy shakedown racket." Packed with information and ideas, Bernstein's book is an authoritative economic history, accessible and thoroughly entertaining. (May) Copyright 2004 Reed Business Information.

1. Introduction to Lab-on-a-Chip 1.1. History 1.2. Parts and Components of Lab-on-a-Chip 1.2.1. Electric and Magnetic Actuators 1.2.2. Electrical Sensors 1.2.3. Thermal Sensors 1.2.4. Optical Sensors 1.2.5. Microfluidic Chambers 1.3. Applications of Lab-on-a-Chip 1.4. Advantages and Disadvantages of Lab-on-a-Chip References 2. Cell Structure, Properties, and Models 2.1. Cell Structure 2.1.1. Prokaryotic Cells 2.1.2. Eukaryotic Cells 2.1.3. Cell Components 2.2. Electromechanics of Particles 2.2.1. Single-Layer Model 2.2.2. Double-Layer Model 2.3. Electrogenic Cells 2.3.1. Neurons 2.3.2. Gated Ion Channels 2.3.3. Action Potential References 3. Cell Manipulator Fields 3.1. Electric Field 3.1.1. Uniform Electric Field (Electrophoresis) 3.1.2. Nonuniform Electric Field (Dielectrophoresis) 3.2. Magnetic Field 3.2.1. Nonuniform Magnetic Field (Magnetophoresis) 3.2.2. Magnetophoresis Force (MAP Force) References 4. Metal-Oxide Semiconductor (MOS) Technology Fundamentals 4.1. Semiconductor Properties 4.2. Intrinsic Semiconductors 4.3. Extrinsic Semiconductor 4.3.1. N-Type Doping 4.3.2. P-Type Doping 4.4. MOS Device Physics 4.5. MOS Characteristics 4.5.1. Modes of Operation 4.6. Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) Device 4.6.1. Advantages of CMOS Technology References 5. Sensing Techniques for Lab-on-a-Chip 5.1. Optical Technique 5.2. Fluorescent Labeling Technique 5.3. Impedance Sensing Technique 5.4. Magnetic Field Sensing Technique 5.5. CMOS AC Electrokinetic Microparticle Analysis System 5.5.1. Bioanalysis Platform 5.5.2. Experimental Tests References 6. CMOS-Based Lab-on-a-Chip 6.1. PCB Lab-on-a-Chip for Micro-Organism Detection and Characterization 6.2. Actuation 6.3. Impedance Sensing 6.4. CMOS Lab-on-a-Chip for Micro-Organism Detection and Manipulation 6.5. CMOS Lab-on-a-Chip for Neuronal Activity Detection 6.6. CMOS Lab-on-a-Chip for Cytometry Applications 6.7. Flip-Chip Integration References 7. CMOS Electric-Field-Based Lab-on-a-Chip for Cell Characterization and Detection 7.1. Design Flow 7.2. Actuation 7.3. Electrostatic Simulation 7.4. Sensing 7.5. The Electric Field Sensitive Field Effect Transistor (eFET) 7.6. The Differential Electric Field Sensitive Field Effect Transistor (DeFET) 7.7. DeFET Theory of Operation 7.8. Modeling the DeFET 7.8.1. A Simple DC Model 7.8.2. SPICE DC Equivalent Circuit 7.8.3. AC Equivalent Circuit 7.9. The Effect of the DeFET on the Applied Electric Field Profile References 8. Prototyping and Experimental Analysis 8.1. Testing the DeFET 8.1.1. The DC Response 8.1.2. The AC (Frequency) Response 8.1.3. Other Features of the DeFET 8.2. Noise Analysis 8.2.1. Noise Sources 8.2.2. Noise Measurements 8.3. The Effect of Temperature and Light on DeFET Performance 8.4. Testing the Electric Field Imager 8.4.1. The Response of the Imager Under Different Environments 8.4.2. Testing the Imager with Biocells 8.5. Packaging the Lab-on-a-Chip References 9. Readout Circuits for Lab-on-a-Chip 9.1. Current-Mode Circuits 9.2. Operational Floating Current Conveyor (OFCC) 9.2.1. A Simple Model 9.2.2. OFCC with Feedback 9.3. Current-Mode Instrumentation Amplifier 9.3.1. Current-Mode Instrumentation Amplifier (CMIA) Based on CCII 9.3.2. Current-Mode Instrumentation Amplifier Based on OFCC 9.4. Experimental and Simulation Results of the Proposed CMIA 9.4.1. The Differential Gain Measurements 9.4.2. Common-Mode Rejection Ratio Measurements 9.4.3. Other Features of the Proposed CMIA 9.4.4. Noise Results 9.5. Comparison Between Different CMIAs 9.6. Testing the Readout Circuit with the Electric Field Based Lab-on-a-Chip References 10. Current-Mode Wheatstone Bridge for Lab-on-a-Chip Applications 10.1. Introduction 10.2. CMWB Based on Operational Floating Current Conveyor 10.3. A Linearization Technique Based on an Operational Floating Current Conveyor 10.4. Experimental and Simulation Results 10.4.1. The Differential Measurements 10.4.2. Common-Mode Measurements 10.5. Discussion References 11. Current-Mode Readout Circuits for the pH Sensor 11.1. Introduction 11.2. Differential ISFET-Based pH Sensor 11.2.1. ISFET-Based pH Sensor 11.2.2. Differential ISFET Sensor 11.3. pH Readout Circuit Based on an Operational Floating Current Conveyor 11.3.1. Simulation Results 11.4. pH Readout Circuit Using Only Two Operational Floating Current Conveyors 11.4.1. Simulation Results References. FROM THE BESTSELLING AUTHOR OF THE INTELLIGENT ASSET ALLOCATOR Praise for The Birth of Plenty:'Bill Bernstein has given us a compact and immensely readable economic, political, military, and institutional history of our civilization that is a tour de force. Put everything else down. Take a deep breath. Open The Birth of Plenty. And prepare to be amazed. --John C. Bogle, Founder and Former CEO, The Vanguard Group'The Birth of Plenty is a brilliantly written, whirlwind account of how the modern world was formed. It is a hugely enjoyable read, full of vigor and liveliness, and a book every American should possess--at least those who treasure our abundant life and care about our future.'--William Schultheis, Author, The Coffeehouse Investor'Put simply, this is my favorite economic history book. It gathers what is interesting about economic history to draw important lessons.'--Ed Tower, Professor of Economics, Duke University'William Bernstein scrutinizes the research literature, distills it with originality and insight, then shares the results with classic Bernstein clarity and wit. Ideologues on both political wings should prepare to have their assumptions challenged.'--Bernard Sherman, Host, Talk of Iowa - Focus on Finance radio show A daring look at the development of human prosperity--how it was created, and where it's headed In the breakthrough spirit of Against the Gods, William Bernstein's The Birth of Plenty has the topical uniqueness and storytelling panache to literally create its own category and reader. Based upon the premise that mankind experienced virtually zero economic growth from the dawn of time until 1820, this provocative, bigpicture book identifies the four conditions necessary for sustained economic progress--property rights, scientific rationalism, capital markets, and communications and transportation technology-- and then analyzes their gradual appearance and impact throughout every corner of the globe. Filled with bestselling author William Bernstein's trademark meticulous research and page-turning writing style, The Birth of Plenty explores: Where the world economy could be headed next Implications of the book's thesis for today's society How the absence of one or more of the conditions continues to threaten beleaguered regions Rare is the book that proposes an entirely new premise, validates that premise with inarguable research and analysis, and then explains beyond question both the relevance and the implications of its premise to the reader and the world at large. The Birth of Plenty is just such a book. From its unique, topical subject matter to its tremendous review potential, this insightful book will be one of the most talked-about volumes of the publishing season. "A tour de force...prepare to be amazed." --John C. Bogle, Founder and Former CEO, The Vanguard Group Why didn't the Florentines invent the steam engines and flying machines that Da Vinci sketched? What kept the master metallurgists of ancient Rome from discovering electricity? The Birth of Plenty takes a fascinating new look at the key conditions that had to be in place before world economic growth--and the technological progress underlying it--could occur, why those pathways are still absent in many parts of today's world, and what must be done before true, universal prosperity can become a reality. The Birth of Plenty doesn't mean to suggest that nothing of note existed before 1820. What The Birth of Plenty suggests that, from the dawn of recorded history through 1820, the "mass of man" experienced essentially zero growth, either in economic standing or living standards. It was only in the third decade of the nineteenth century that the much of the world's standard of living began to inexorably and irreversibly improve, and the modern world was born. But what changed, and why then? Noted financial expert and neurologist William Bernstein isolates the four conditions which, when occurring simultaneously, constitute an all-inclusive formula for human "The Birth of Plenty suggests - and supports with groundbreaking analysis - that from the dawn of recorded history through 1820, the "mass of man" experienced essentially zero growth, both in economic standing or living standards. It was only in the nineteenth century that the world's standard of living began to inexorably and irreversibly improve and the modern world was born." "The Birth of Plenty frames the modern world's prosperity - or, in far too many cases, continuing lack of prosperity - in terms that are ingenious yet simple, complex yet easily understood. Entertaining and provocative, it will forever change the way you view the human pursuit of happiness and bring the conflicts of both the world's superpowers and developing nations into a fascinating and informative new light."--Jacket 'Here's a groundbreaking book that introduces and discusses the important aspects of lab-on-a-chip, including the practical techniques, circuits, microsystems, and key applications in the biomedical, biology, and life science fields. Moreover, this volume covers ongoing research in lab-on-a-chip integration and electric field imaging. Presented in a clear and logical manner, the book provides you with the fundamental underpinnings of lab-on-a-chip, presents practical results, and brings you up to date with state-of-the-art research in the field. This unique resource is supported with over 160 illustrations that clarify important topics throughout.'--Publisher's description.