La multifonctionnalité dans l’agriculture : quel rôle pour le secteur privé?

Beyond Its Primary Function Of Supplying Food And Fibre, Agricultural Activity Can Produce Environmental Services, Or Have Negative Effects Such As Creating Pollution. Market Forces Alone Are Not Able To Ensure That The Level Of These Positive And Negative Externalities Of Agriculture Is Acceptable To Society. But Government Interventions Can Also Be Problematic, Leading To Costly And Inefficient Policies. This Report Sheds Light On The Potential Of Non-government Solutions Such As The Development Of Market Mechanisms, And The Promotion Of Private Transactions And Voluntary Approaches To Provide The Best Alternative In Some Situations. A Typology Has Been Developed And Fourteen Specific Cases Are Examined, Illustrating A Wide Diversity Of Situations In A Range Of Oecd Countries. The Examples Analysed Range From The Use Of Market Price Premiums To Environmental Trusts, Easements, And Tradable Credits Or Quotas, And Cover Both Positive And Negative Externalities. Some Of The Examples Identified Relate To New And Innovative Approaches Never Tried Before, While Others Have A Relatively Long History Of Operation. This Report Synthesises The Findings Of The Case Studies, Focusing On The Implications For Government’s Role, And Assessing The Relative Efficiency, Equity And Stability Of The Approaches Described Compared To Direct Government Intervention. Foreword -- Part I. Synthesis Report -- Assessment Of Non-governmental Approaches: Non-commodity Outputs (ncos) -- Assessment Of Non-governmental Approaches: Negative Effects (nes) -- Conclusions -- References -- Part Ii. Case Studies -- 1. Agritourism In Italy (type P1) -- 2. Market Price Premiums For Milk In The United Kingdom (type P2) -- 3. Conservation Trust: The National Trust In The United Kingdom (type P3) -- 4. Easement Arrangements In The United States (type P3) -- 5. Agritourism And Landscape Conservation Program In Austria (type P3) -- 6. Tourist Train In Norway (type P3) -- 7. Consumer Movement: Chisan-chishou In Japan (type P4) -- 8. Voluntary Flood Mitigation (type P5) -- 9. Voluntary Conservation Of Biodiversity And Landscapes On Banks Peninsula, New Zealand (type P5) -- 10. Direct Transaction: A Case Of Mineral Water In France (type N1) -- 11. Voluntary Approaches (type N2) -- 12. Sustainable Winegrowing New Zealand (type N2) -- 13. Tradeable Manure/animal Quotas In The Netherlands (type N3) -- 14. Wetland Mitigation Banking (type N1) -- References Includes Bibliographical References (p. 121-126). Beyond its primary function of supplying food and fiber, agricultural activity can produce environmental services, or have negative effects such as creating pollution. Market forces alone are not able to ensure that the level of these positive and negative externalities of agriculture is acceptable to society. But government interventions can also be problematic, leading to costly and inefficient policies. This report sheds light on the potential of non-government solutions such as the development of market mechanisms, and the promotion of private transactions and voluntary approaches to provide the best alternative in some situations. A typology has been developed and fourteen specific cases are examined, illustrating a wide diversity of situations in a range of OECD countries. The examples analyzed range from the use of market price premiums to environmental trusts, easements, and tradable credits or quotas, and cover both positive and negative externalities. Some of the examples identified relate to new and innovative approaches never tried before, while others have a relatively long history of operation. This report synthesizes the findings of the case studies, focusing on the implications for governments role, and assessing the relative efficiency, equity and stability of the approaches described compared to direct government intervention.--Publisher's description Annotation Agricultural activity can produce environmental services, or have negative effects such as creating pollution. This report sheds light on the potential of non-government solutions such as the development of market mechanisms, and the promotion of private transactions and voluntary approaches to provide the best alternative in some situations. A typology has been developed and fourteen specific cases are examined, illustrating a wide diversity of situations in a range of OECD countries. The examples analysed range from the use of market price premiums to environmental trusts, easements, and tradable credits or quotas, and cover both positive and negative externalities. This report synthesises the findings of the case studies, focusing on the implications for government's role, and assessing the relative efficiency, equity and stability of the approaches described compared to direct government intervention