La Bibbia (Luzzi/Riveduta)

This book is intended for intermediate and advanced learners of English who are preparing for examinations in English, such as English proficiency examinations given by Turkish universities, YDS (Foreign Language Test), IELTS and the TOEFL. It also covers a lot of material which is relevant to Cambridge Proficiency Examinations. While it may be used in a classroom situation to teach grammar, vocabulary and reading comprehension, it is basically a self-study book. The material in it is so designed that it ensures steady progress towards mastery of English. Its major components are grammar, vocabulary and reading. Major grammatical patterns are dealt with thoroughly, and learners ability to recognize these patterns is improved through unit by unit tests aimed at reinforcing the structures taught. While answering test questions, learners may refer to the original examples related to the testing point by means of the page references given in the key to tests. Vocabulary is presented in two parts: Part 2 and Part 3. Part 2 covers basic academic vocabulary needed for proficiency examinations given at Turkish universities. The vocabulary items included in this part have been selected on the basis of their frequency, range and usefulness. These words have been arranged according to the frequency of occurrence as far as possible. Important words are recycled, i.e., used in different contexts cyclically in subsequent sections to make sure that learners remember what they mean. Part Three contains advanced academic vocabulary. Though the words in this part are, on the whole, less frequent than those presented in Part Two, it is essential to know the meanings of these words in order to understand more advanced texts. Reading comprehension is taught systematically by focusing on all the important skills involved in the reading process. Great care is taken to make this complicated process easier for learners. It is hoped that the exercises provided and the suggestions made in the book will facilitate reading comprehension and enable learners to understand and answer reading comprehension questions better. In some texts, important academic words are printed in bold type to draw learners attention to them. It is worth noting at this stage that to derive maximum benefit from this book, learners are strongly advised to do wide reading. Reading will reinforce not only grammar but also vocabulary items presented in this book, making the book more effective than it would otherwise be. Sample tests will give learners a chance to test their linguistic competence. If they discover that they are weak in a certain section, they can study the relevant sections more intensively. The material in the book has been selected with utmost care and is based on a wide range of sources including test books, grammar books, vocabulary books, dictionaries, various academic course books, newspapers, magazines, such as Time and Newsweek and two major sources of news media, the BBC radio and television broadcasts and CNN International. Users of the book are advised to read English newspapers and journals on the Internet. Suggested media sources include the Independent, the Guardian, the BBC News, the New York Times, the Washington Post, the Los Angeles Times, the Economist, New Scientist and Scientific American. Appendixes contain useful information about words that take prepositions, transitional words, prefixes and suffixes word forms, special academic vocabulary for YDS and important conjunctions useful for YDS. The book has been written in English to help learners to familiarize themselves with the kind of language they are likely to encounter in authentic texts. It is the authors hope that the book will contribute to English Language Teaching in Turkey. The book has been reviewed and revised meticulously for the 47th edition. Minor changes have been made in the subsequent editions, including this new edition. It is a reliable source that you can use in your study of English. Acknowledgements The idea of writing a book was first suggested to me by my dear friend Ltfi Yalnkaya, to whom I owe my heartfelt thanks for encouraging me to attempt such an enormous task. I would like to thank Professor Sabri Ko for teaching me how to use a computer, which made it possible for me to design this book and make any necessary changes in it. Im also grateful to my colleagues who have read and commented on the linguistic and/or pedagogic aspects of certain parts of the material. I would like to express my deepest gratitude to Retired Associate Professor Joshua Bear at the Department of Foreign Language Education at METU, who has made a significant contribution to this book by doing a great deal of proofreading and clarifying troublespots. He has also provided me with extremely useful books, from which I got many good ideas. I am most grateful to my colleagues at the Departments of Basic English and Modern Languages at METU for recommending the book to the students of METU and making valuable suggestions for the first edition. Im greatly indebted to Fsun Hepdin, my dear friend from Hacettepe University, and the members of the teaching staff at the School of Foreign Languages of Hacettepe University for recommending this book to their students and using it in their courses. My greatest debt is to Mehmet Ali Erkiner, who passed away in 2015. He not only made extremely useful suggestions but also gave the book a thorough proofreading. The book has taken its present form thanks to his meticulous care and painstaking exactness. I wish to extend my thanks to the staff members of Glhane Military Medical Academy who volunteered to act as a pilot group in testing the effectiveness of the material before the publication of the book in 1994. I must say a special thank you to Retired Professor Trker Mirata from the Department of Civil Engineering at METU for his meticulous proofreading and excellent suggestions, which enabled me to correct a great many misprints which had gone unnoticed in the previous editions. I would also like to thank my dear colleague Kenan elik from anakkale, who has proofread the 54th Edition of the book and detected a number of minor errors which appear to have resulted from some changes made in the content and format of the book in some previous editions. Thanks to his invaluable help, I was able to correct them for the 55th Edition. My thanks also go to Nee Aydoan for helping me with the typesetting of the material in her spare time. Moreover, I am thankful to mm Kurt for helping me prepare the book for the five previous editions and Utku etin for contributing to the new editions. Finally, I would like to express my appreciation to my wife Nuray. Without her support and encouragement, this book would never have been completed. CONTENTS CHAPTER 4: Functions of Modal Auxiliaries Words Perfect Infinitives/ Modals Referring to Past Time Modals - Time Reference CHAPTER 5: Passive and Causative Constructions I. The Passive Voice a. Passive of the Gerund b. Passive of the Infinitive c. Passive of Participles d. Passive of the verbs which take to infinitive e. Passive of the verbs that take two objects f. Verbs that have two passive forms g. Passive of the Subjunctive h. Passive of BE+'TO' -INFINITIVE i. Passive Voice in Reduced Clauses j. Passive Constructions with GET II. The Causative Form III. The Active Voice versus the Passive Voice and the Causative Form CHAPTER 6 : Gerunds and Infinitives I. Gerunds A. Functions of Gerunds 1. Used like a Noun 2. Used like an adjective B. Time Reference in Gerunds 1. Two actions that occur at the same time a. The Active Voice b. The Passive Voice 2. Two actions that occur at different times a. The Active Voice b. The Passive Voice C. Verbs followed by the gerund II. Infinitives A. Uses of Infinitives 1. Used like a Noun 2. Used like an Adjective 3. Used like an Adverb B. Structures That Are Followed by 'To'- Infinitive C. Time Reference in Infinitives 1. Active Infinitives a. Present Infinitive / Present Progressive b. Perfect Infinitive / Perfect Progressive 2. Passive Infinitives a. Present Infinitive b. Perfect Infinitive D. Verbs That Take the Infinitive E. Verbs That Need Special Attention CHAPTER 7: Adjectives I. Major Adjective Patterns Pattern 1: He was kind to help us. = It was kind of him to help us. Pattern 2: He is eager to please. Pattern 3: He is easy to please = It is easy to please him. Pattern 4: It is good to be here. Pattern 5: He is the first to arrive. II. Linking Verb + Adjective III. Types of Adjectives 1. Adjectives which are usually or always used predicatively 2. Emphasizing adjectives / Adjectives used only attributively 3. Adjectives after and before nouns with a change of meaning 4. Post Posed Adjectives 5. The+ Adjective Used like Noun Phrases IV.Comparative and Superlative Forms of Adjectives V. Constructions with Comparisons A. The Equal Degree B. The Comparative Degree C. Substitution in the Comparative Form D. The Superlative Degree VI. Modification of Comparatives VII. Modification of Superlatives VIII. Compound Adjectives of Measurement IX. Adjectives ending in '-ed' and'-ing' CHAPTER 8: Adverbs I. Sentential Adverbs II. Adverbs of Manner III. Restricting Adverbs IV. Viewpoint Adverbs V. Focusing Adverbs VI. Adverbs of Degree/Intensifiers A. Emphasizers B. Amplifiers C. Downtowners VII. The Uses of Rather, Quite and Fairly A. Rather B. Quite C. Fairly VIII. The Position of Adverbs 1. manner+place+time 2. place+manner+time 3. place+manner+frequency+time 4. Alternative Forms 5. Long Object IX. Frequency Adverbs X. The Position of Negative Adverbs XI.Additional Adverbs and Adverbial Phrases 1. Still 2. any more/ any longer 3. no longer XII. Constructions with Comparisons A. The Equal Degree B. The Comparative Degree C. The Superlative Degree CHAPTER 9: Relative (Adjective) Clauses Relative Pronouns Relative Adverbs I. Defining Relative Clauses I. Formation of Relative Clauses II. Variations in Defining Clauses A. Pattern in Emphasis B. Expressions III.Non- Defining Clauses A. When the Antecedent is One of a Kind B. When the Antecedent is a Proper Noun IV. Variations in the Use of Non-Defining Clauses A. Quantifiers with Relative Pronouns B. Variations with the Superlative Form C. Nouns before Relative Pronouns / Possession in Things and Animals D. Coordinate Relative Clauses/ Relative Clauses Referring to a Whole Sentence V. Reduction of Relative Clauses A. Active Constructions B. Passive Constructions C. 'To'-lnfinitive For Active or Passive Constructions (1) ordinal numbers (2) the only (3) the superlative form (4) relative clauses containing modal auxiliaries D. Verb To Be in Relative Clauses E. Variations in the Reduction of Non-Defining Clauses VI.Additional Notes on Relative Clauses CHAPTER 10: Noun Clauses I. Formation of Noun Clauses A. Noun Clauses Which Begin with That B. Noun Clauses Which Begin with Whether and If C. Noun Clauses Which Begin with Question Words II. Functions of Noun Clauses A. Noun Clause as the Subject of a Sentence B. Noun Clause as the Object of a Sentence C. Noun Clause as Adjective Complement D. Noun Clause as Subject Complement E. Noun Clause as an Appositive (Restrictive and Non-Restrictive) F. Noun Clause as the Object of a Preposition G. Noun Clause as Indirect Object III. Subordinator as The Subject of a Noun Clause IV.The Position and Function of Noun Clauses A. Noun Clauses with That Some important Verbs Which Take That Clauses B. Noun Clauses with Whether C. Noun Clauses with What V. -Ever Words in Noun Clauses VI.The Subjunctive Form in Noun Clauses VII.Reduction of Noun Clauses VIII. Summary of Noun Clauses 1. Noun Clause as Object of a Sentence. 2. Noun Clause as Subject of a Sentence. 3. Noun Clause as Subject Complement CHAPTER 11:-EVER Words and Correlative Conjunctions I. - Ever Words A. - Ever words versus Relative Clauses B.- Ever Words used as Noun Clauses and Adverbial Clauses C. Whatever versus What II. Correlative Conjunctions CHAPTER 12: Conditions and Wishes I. Conditions 1. Future Possibility: present-will: yaparsa yaparım 2. Present Unreal: past-would: yapsaydı yapardım 3. Past Unreal: past perfect-would have: yapmış olsaydı yapmış olurdum 4. Past Perfect - would/could: ... zamanda yapmış olsaydı, şimdi yapardık 5. Past - would have: yapsaydı, ... zamanda yapmamış olurduk 6. would / could have, past: yapardı, ama ... oldu, yaptı 7. must, if to be + to infinitive: yapmak için yapmak zorundasın. Mixed Forms: A. Alternative forms B. Implied Condition Purpose Condition: am / is / are + to infinitive II. Wish Clauses CHAPTER 13: Adverbial Clauses Type of Clause and Subordinating Conjunction 1. Time 2. Place 3. Reason 4. Direct Contrast 5. Concessive Contrast / Opposition 6. Result 7. Purpose 8. Manner 9 Degree (Proportion) 10. Condition 11. Comparison Inversions in Adverbial Clauses 1. Time 2. Result 3. Condition Additional Notes on Adverbial Clauses so that: purpose, result (with comma) in that: explanatory reason verb(adjective/adverb)+as: concessive contrast as: time (while), reason (since, because), manner (in the way that), proportion (the more, the more) while: time (as), concessive contrast/oppositon (although), direct contrast (whereas) since: time, reason (as, because) as long as: condition, time Adverbial Clauses - Summary CHAPTER 14: Participles I. Actions That Take Place at the Same Time A. -ING Participle For Active Constructions Time Reason Manner Instead of and Instead of a relative clause B. Past participle / - ED Participle (For Passive Constructions) Time Reason Condition Time Reason Condition Instead of a Relative Clause II. Actions That Take Place at Different Times Perfect Participle: Having+V3 (active) / Having been+V3 (passive) Time Reason III. Participial Phrase with Its Own Subject IV. Participles - Summary V. Participles Used Idiomatically CHAPTER 15: Special Difficulties I. Inversion 1. Prepositional Phrases showing location 2. Negative adverbs 3. Adverbial Clauses of the Result 4. Conditionals Negative adverbs which require inversion 5. Passive verb is split 6. verb in the continuous tenses 7. adjectival phrases 8. adverb such as down, up, out, in 9. there SPECIAL NOTE a) Adverbial Clauses of Manner b) Adverbial Clauses of Comparison II. Structural Parallelism Coordinate conjunctions Correlative conjunctions A. Single words B. Phrases C. Clauses III. Auxiliary A. and ... , too; and so ... B. and ... , either; and neither ... C. Tag Questions 1. Positive Statement+ Negative Tag 2. Negative Statement+Positive Tag IV.The Subjunctive Form Words That Take the Subjunctive Form Adjectives Verbs Nouns CHAPTER 16: Reduction of Clauses I. Finite Clauses versus Verbless(Reduced) Clauses II. Finite versus Non-Finite (Reduced)Clauses III.Passive Constructions in Finite and Non-Finite Clauses A. Adverbial Clauses B. Adjectival Clauses Being + Past Participle IV.Active Constructions in Finite and Non-Finite Clauses A. Adverbial Clauses B.Adjectival Clauses V.Reducing Finite Clauses with Infinitives (Active or Passive Voice) A. Adjectival Clauses B. Noun Clauses C. Adverbial Clauses VI.Additional Notes on Finite and Non-Finite Verbs a finite verb a. finite verbs joined by coordinators b. finite verbs joined by subordinators (1) Relative pronouns (2) Adverbial conjunctions c. Non-finite verbs used to introduce reduced clauses CHAPTER 17: Sentence Connectors 1. Contrast a. Direct Opposition b. Denial of Expectation (Unexpected result) 2. Result 3. Addition and Listing 4. Time 5. Exemplification 6. Particularization 7. Explanation 8. Similarity 9. Emphasis 10. Refutation 11. Reformulation 12. Correction 13. Transition 14. Alternative 15. Negative Condition 16. Summation/ Conclusion 17. Other Sentence Connectors CHAPTER 18: Prepositions, Prepositional Phrases and Idiomatic Expressions 1. above: üstünde, üstüne, yukarı taraflarında, kuzeyinde 2. across 3. against 4. ahead of 5. among 6. around 7. as 8. as well as: in addition to; besides 9. at 10. before 11. behind 12. below 13. beneath 14. beyond 15. by 16. concerning : about; with regard to; in connection with 17. depending on 18. despite: in spite of 19. excluding : not counting 20. following 21. from 22. in 23. including 24. in spite of: despite 25. into 26. like 27. of (1) what something consists of (2) the subject matter of something (3) possession (4) a special characteristic (5) age 28. off 29. on 31. on account of 32. out of 33. owing to 34. past 35. to 36. through 37. throughout 38. together with 39. towards 40. under 41. unlike 42. up to 43. with 44. within CHAPTER 19: Sentence Variety A. Structures That Indicate Addition 1. Sentence Connectors: In addition / Moreover / Furthermore 2. Correlative Conjunctions: not only but also / both and 3. Prepositional Phrases: Apart from / In addition to / As well as / Besides + noun 4. Coordinate conjunction: and B. Structures of Cause-Effect Relationship 1. Sentence Connectors: Cause. Therefore / Thus/As a result / Consequently + effect 2. Adverbial Clauses of Reason: Since / As / Because + Cause, Effect 3. Prepositional Phrases: Effect because of / on account of / owing to / due to / as a result of + Cause Noun 4. Participles: Ving, subject +cause + noun effect 5. Verbs: cause + give rise to / bring about / result in + effect 6. Nouns: The cause of is effect + cause / The reason for effect is cause / The result of cause is effect 7. Adjectives: cause + is responsible for + effect 8. That's why ...: cause. That's why effect. 9. Coordinate Conjunctions: effect sentence, for cause sentence. / cause sentence + so + effect Other Structures Expressing Cause-Effect Relationship 1. Clauses a. Seeing that / Since + cause st. , effect st. b. effect st. + in that / because + cause st. c. Due to / On account of / Because of +the fact that + cause st., effect st. d. in view of the fact that cause st., effect st. e. effect st. on the grounds that cause st. f. Inasmuch as = since cause st., effect st. 2. Phrases a. In vief of cause noun, effect st. b. Effect st + onthe ground of cause st. 3. Adjectives: Cause is attributable to cause. Other Structures Expressing Cause-Effect Relationship C. Structures of Concessive Contrast (Denial of Expectation) D. Structures of Contrast E. Structures of Similarity F. Structures That Indicate Purpose G. Structures That Indicate Result H. Structures That Indicate Time Other Structures That Indicate Time l. Structures That Indicate Condition J. Adverbial Clauses versus Adverbial Phrases K. Sentence Variety · Summary Answer Key and Index Glossary and Vocabulary Index