Kratom and Other Mitragynines : The Chemistry and Pharmacology of Opioids From a Non-Opium Source

Opioids such as morphine, codeine, and oxycodone are extracts or analogs isolated from a single source: the opium poppy. For a long time, it was believed to be nature's only source of opioids. But it now appears that biological diversity has evolved an alternative source of opioid compoundsthose derived from the plant Mitragyna speciosa . This plant, known as Kratom in Thailand or Biak-Biak in Malaysia, has long been used locally as treatment for pain, fever reduction, diarrhea, and even depression. Kratom and Other Mitragynines: The Chemistry and Pharmacology of Opioids from a Non-Opium Source presents an introduction to the chemical and biological properties of alkaloids isolated from M. speciosa as well as their synthetic analogs. The book covers various topics including phytochemistry, medicinal chemistry, and pharmacology. Current research, analgesic effects, and addiction potential are also discussed. As the first extensive text on the basic science and clinical use of Kratom, the book provides readers with a concise yet comprehensive introduction to nature's "other opioid." Why Do Plants Contain Biologically Active Compounds? / Oné Pagán -- Short Overview Of Mitragynines / Robert B. Raffa, Jaclyn R. Beckett, Vivek N. Brahmbhatt, Theresa M. Ebinger, Chrisjon A. Fabian, Justin R. Nixon, Steven T. Orlando, Chintan A. Rana, Ali H. Tejani, And Robert J. Tomazic -- Psychopharmacological Indole Alkaloids From Terrestrial Plants / Allan Patrick G. Macabeo -- Salvinorin A : Example Of A Non-alkaloidal Bioactive Opioid From A Plant Source / Jordan K. Zjawiony -- Mitragyna Speciosa (korth.) Havil / Sasha W. Eisenman -- Phytochemistry Of Mitragyna Speciosa / Vedanjali Gogineni, Francisco Leon, Bonnie A. Avery, Christopher Mccurdy, And Stephen J. Cutler. Chemistry Of Mitragynines : A Brief Introduction / Robert B. Raffa -- Chemistry Of Mitragyna Compounds / Mariko Kitajima And Hiromitsu Takayama -- Medicinal Chemistry Based On Mitragynine / Hiromitsu Takayama And Mariko Kitajima -- Chemical Structures Of Opioids / Robert B. Raffa -- The Detection Of Mitragynine And Its Analogs / Ruri Kikura-hanajiri -- The Sdme Of Mitragynine And Analogs / Annette Cronin, Ines A. Ackerman, And Jochen Beyer -- Analgesic Effects Of Mitragynine And Analogs / Kenjiro Matsumoto And Syunji Horie -- Non-analgesic Cns Effects / Jaclyn R. Beckett, Justin R. Nixon, And Ali H. Tejani. Other Opioid-associated Endpoints / Steven T. Orlando And Vivek N. Brahmbhatt -- The Kratom Experience From Firsthand Reports / Earth Erowid And Fire Erowid -- The Toxicology Of Indole Alkaloids / Jennifer L. Ingram-ross -- Opioid-induced Adverse Effects And Toxicity / Joseph V. Pergolizzi, Jr. -- Toxicology Of Mitragynine And Analogs / Surash Ramanathan And Sharif M. Mansor -- The Use Of Animal Models To Measure Tolerance, Dependence, And Abuse Potential / Scott M. Rawls -- Kratom : The Epidemiology, Use And Abuse, Addiction Potential, And Legal Status / Zoriah Binti Aziz. Editor, Robert B. Raffa. Includes Bibliographical References And Index.