Korea-China Relations in History and Contemporary Implications (Critical Studies of the Asia-Pacific)

This Book Examines The Complex Relations Between Joseon Korea (1392-1910) And Ming/qing China In History, And Reveals Their Contemporary Implications For The Nature Of A China-dominated Order In East Asia And The Relations Between China And The Middle Powers In The Region. Instead Of Relying On The Works That Offer Over-generalized Conclusions Based On Information Drawn From Secondary Sources, This Book Provides A Much More Nuanced Account Of The Koreans' Experience Of Managing Their Relations With The Great Powers By Analyzing The First-hand Evidence Documented By The Joseon Historiographers Related To The Major Events In Joseon--ming Relations, Joseon's Response To Power Transition From Ming To Qing, And Joseon-qing Relations. In East Asia Today Where The Middle Powers Are Facing The Rise Of China And A Trilateral Dilemma As A Result Of The Sino-us Rivalry In The Region, What History Can Tell Us Is Of Significant Value To Scholars, Policy Advisers, And Policymakers. -- Publisher's Description Background, Rationale, And Practice Of Sadae -- Sadae In The Era Of Ming's Unipolar Order (1392-1608) -- Sadae In An Era Of Changing Polarity (1608-1800): A Bipolar, An Imaginary Bipolar, And A Unipolar Order -- Sadae In The Modern Era (1800-1910): The End Of Ideational Sadae And The Continuation Of Material Yongdae -- 'anti-sadae' And Yongdae: The Legacies Of Sadae In The Contemporary Era (1910-present). Robert Kong Chan. Includes Bibliographical References And Index. Preface 7 Contents 10 List of Figures 12 List of Tables 13 Chapter 1: Introduction 14 History and Culture in Northeast Asian International Relations 16 History in Northeast Asian International Relations 17 Culture in Northeast Asian International Relations 19 An Overview of Sadae 22 The Approach to Studying Sadae 25 References 30 Chapter 2: Background, Rationale, and Practice of Sadae 34 Background of Sadae 35 Sinocentrism: A Confucian Worldview 36 Introduction of Confucianism in Korea 37 Rationale of Sadae 38 Pax Sinica: Rule by Propriety 39 Benign Hierarchy 41 Sadae in Practice 43 Cultivating a Confucian Social Norm 43 Civil Service Examination 44 Bureaucratic Administration 45 The Chinese Language 46 Joseon’s Status 47 Joseon’s Obligations 48 Joseon’s Privileges 49 Understanding the Different Motives to Practice Sadae 50 The Loyalists: ‘What Should Be’ 51 The Rationalists: ‘What Works’ 52 The In-Betweens 53 References 54 Chapter 3: Sadae in the Era of Ming’s Unipolar Order (1392–1608) 56 The Reign of Taejo (1392–8) 57 The Reign of Taejong (1400–18) 60 The Reign of Sejong (1418–50) 65 The Reign of Sejo (1455–68) 73 The Reign of Seongjong (1469–94) 75 The Reign of Yeonsangun (1494–1506) 80 The Reign of Jungjong (1506–44) 82 The Reign of Myeongjong (1545–67) 85 The Reign of Seonjo (1567–1608) 90 References 98 Chapter 4: Sadae in an Era of Changing Polarity (1608–1800): A Bipolar, an Imaginary Bipolar, and a Unipolar Order 99 Joseon between Ming and Manchu 100 The Reign of Gwanghaegun (1608–23) 100 The Reign of Injo (1623–49) 109 Joseon between the Fallen Ming and Qing 120 The Reign of Hyojong (1649–59) 121 The Reign of Hyeonjong (1659–74) 124 The Reign of Sukjong (1674–1720) 127 The Reign of Yeongjo (1724–76) 132 Joseon: Accepting Qing as the Only Great Power (from 1776) 137 The Reign of Jeongjo (1776–1800) 137 References 143 Chapter 5: Sadae in the Modern Era (1800–1910): The End of Ideational Sadae and the Continuation of Material Yongdae 145 Sadae by Resisting the New ‘Barbarians’—The Western Powers (1800–73) 146 From Sungjo to Cheoljong: 1800–63 147 Gojong (with Daewongun as Regent): 1863–73 149 Decline of the Ideational Aspect of Sadae (1874 to mid-1884) 152 Opening Up to Japan: Joseon’s First Experience of Modern Diplomacy (1874–8) 152 Qing’s Advice: ‘Using Barbarians to Control Barbarians’ (1879 to mid-1882) 157 Change of Qing’s Joseon Policy (June 1882 to mid-1884) 164 Yongdae: Joseon’s Strategy to Seek Independence in a Multipolar Order (mid-1884 to 1910) 167 Gapsin Jeongbyeon (1884) 168 Geomundo Sageon (1885–7) 169 Joseon–Russia Covert Diplomacy (1885–6) 170 Using Japan Against Qing to Pursue Independence (1894–5) 173 The Futile Attempt to Use Russia against Japan (1895–1905) 177 References 181 Chapter 6: ‘Anti-Sadae’ and Yongdae: The Legacies of Sadae in the Contemporary Era (1910–Present) 183 The Rationale of ‘Anti-Sadae’ and Yongdae 184 ‘Anti-Sadae’ 185 Yongdae 192 The Combined Application of ‘Anti-Sadae’ and Yongdae 195 During the Cold War 197 After the Cold War 200 References 205 Chapter 7: Conclusion 209 The Three Motives to Practice Sadae 210 A Recap of the Rise and Fall of Sadae 210 Different Motives for Practicing Sadae 212 Contemporary Implications 216 References 221 Appendix 1 and Appendix 2 222 Appendix 1: Monarchs of Joseon Korea and Ming China 222 Appendix 2: Monarchs of Joseon Korea and Qing China 223 Glossary of Key Terms 224 Index 226 This text examines the complex relations between Joseon Korea (1392-1910) and Ming/Qing China in history, and reveals their contemporary implications for the nature of a China-dominated order in East Asia and the relations between China and the middle powers in the region. Instead of relying on the works that offer over-generalized conclusions based on information drawn from secondary sources, this book provides a much more nuanced account of the Koreans' experience of managing their relations with the great powers by analyzing the first-hand evidence documented by the Joseon historiographers related to the major events in Joseon-Ming relations, Joseon's response to power transition from Ming to Qing, and Joseon-Qing relations Front Matter ....Pages i-xv Introduction (Robert Kong Chan)....Pages 1-20 Background, Rationale, and Practice of Sadae (Robert Kong Chan)....Pages 21-42 Sadae in the Era of Ming’s Unipolar Order (1392–1608) (Robert Kong Chan)....Pages 43-85 Sadae in an Era of Changing Polarity (1608–1800): A Bipolar, an Imaginary Bipolar, and a Unipolar Order (Robert Kong Chan)....Pages 87-132 Sadae in the Modern Era (1800–1910): The End of Ideational Sadae and the Continuation of Material Yongdae (Robert Kong Chan)....Pages 133-170 ‘Anti-Sadae’ and Yongdae: The Legacies of Sadae in the Contemporary Era (1910–Present) (Robert Kong Chan)....Pages 171-196 Conclusion (Robert Kong Chan)....Pages 197-209 Back Matter ....Pages 211-219