Knowers and Knowledge in East-West Philosophy: Epistemology Extended (Palgrave Studies in Comparative East-West Philosophy)

This volume offers arguments from eastern and western philosophical traditions to enrich and diversify our present conceptions of knowledge. The contributors extend contemporary Western epistemology in novel directions, through investigating and questioning entrenched conceptions of knowledge. The cross-tradition engagement with the neurosciences, psychology, and anthropological studies is an important feature of the volume’s methodological approach that helps broaden our epistemological horizons. It presents a collection of perspectives on epistemic agency by engaging philosophical traditions east and west, including Japanese, Buddhist, Confucian, Daoist, and Anglo-analytic. Contents 6 Notes on Contributors 8 List of Figures 13 List of Tables 14 Chapter 1: Introduction 15 1 Part I: Knowing Better—More Capacious Knowledge 16 2 Part II: Embodied Knowers in Epistemic Environments 21 References 28 Part I: Knowing Better: More Capacious Knowledge 29 Chapter 2: Knowing-To 30 1 Introducing Knowing-to 31 2 Knowing-to as Part of Knowing-how? 33 3 Knowing-how Fallibly 36 4 Knowing-to as Further Knowing-how? 39 5 Rylean Anti-intellectualism and Knowing-to 40 6 Knowing-to Located 43 7 Linguistic Data 45 8 Knowing-to as Always Particular 47 9 Knowing-to Infallibly 48 10 Knowing-to as Knowledge of an Intention? 50 11 Conclusion 52 References 53 Chapter 3: The Epistemology of Mengzian Extension 55 1 Introduction: A King’s Failure to Act Kingly 55 2 Failure of Action and Failure of Knowledge 59 2.1 Knowing-to 61 2.2 The Timeliness of Knowledge-to 66 3 Using Kindness to Protect the People 69 References 72 Chapter 4: Knowledge-How Attribution in English and Japanese 74 1 Introduction 74 2 Four Constructions of Japanese “Know How” 76 3 Empirical Study 1: Felicity Judgement Survey 78 4 Empirical Study 2: Word Occurrences 83 5 Philosophical Implications 88 6 Conclusion 94 Appendix 1: Supplementary Questions and Results 95 Appendix 2: Japanese Sentences Used for Felicity Judgement 98 Appendix 3: The Actual Sentences and Orders Presented to Participants 99 References 99 Chapter 5: The Problem of Forgetting 102 1 Introduction 102 2 The Problem 104 2.1 The Problem for Epistemic Internalism 104 2.2 The Problem for Epistemic Externalism 104 2.3 The Problem for Virtue Epistemology 105 3 Arguments for the Positive Role of Forgetting in Premises (4), (4′) and (4′′) 105 3.1 Madison’s Argument of Forgetting Leading to Memory-Seeming 106 3.2 Bernecker and Grundmann’s Argument for Forgetting as Reliable Process 108 3.3 Michaelian’s Argument for Forgetting as Cognitive Virtue 110 3.4 Zhuangzi’s Argument for wang 忘 (Forgetting) as Liberation 112 4 The Many Faces of Forgetting 116 5 Conclusion 120 References 120 Chapter 6: Illness Narratives and Epistemic Injustice: Toward Extended Empathic Knowledge 122 1 Introduction 122 2 Significance of Chaos Narratives 124 3 Epistemic Injustice and Chaos Narratives 128 4 Why Is Epistemic Injustice in Illness so Stubborn? 132 5 Empathy and Epistemic Responsibility 136 6 Extended Empathic Knowing at the Micro-level 140 7 Extended Empathic Knowing at the Macro-level 142 References 146 Chapter 7: The Yin/Yang 陰陽 of Pervasive Emotion 150 1 150 2 152 3 153 4 155 5 158 6 160 7 164 References 167 Part II: Embodied Knowers in Epistemic Environments 168 Chapter 8: Enacting Environments: From Umwelts to Institutions 169 1 Introduction 169 2 Cognition as World-Involving Rather Than World-Representing 171 3 Cognition from the Bottom-Up 174 4 Relational Worlds 179 5 Affordances and Values 182 6 Affordances and Niches 185 7 Constructing Institutional Worlds 189 8 Conclusion 195 References 196 Chapter 9: Extended Knowledge Overextended? 200 1 Mind and Knowledge Extended through Technology? 200 2 From Extended Mind to Extended Knowledge and Restricted Omniscience 208 3 Against Cognitive Bloat (I): No Belief 215 4 Against: Against Cognitive Bloat (I) 218 5 Against Cognitive Bloat (II): Degree-Theoretic, Variantist Cluster-Model Functionalism 223 6 Against: Against Cognitive Bloat (II) 232 7 Concluding Remarks 238 References 240 Chapter 10: The Possibility of the Extended Knower 243 1 The Extended Mind 244 2 Reed’s Scepticism 247 3 Hetherington’s Extended Knower 249 4 The Impossibility of the Extended Knower 254 5 Two Final Remarks 259 References 261 Chapter 11: Finding the Joy of Far-Flung Friends: Extending Oneself Through Terrestrial, Metaphysical, and Moral Geographies 262 1 Motif One: Terrestrial Geography 264 2 Motif Two: Metaphysical Geography 268 3 Motif Three: Moral Geography 273 4 Conclusion 278 References 280 Chapter 12: State Epistemic Environmentalism 282 1 Introduction 282 2 Interventions and Intervenors 286 3 Value and Distribution 289 4 State Epistemic Environmentalism 293 5 Conclusion 297 References 298 Chapter 13: Contextualising and Decontextualising Knowledge: Extended Knowledge in Confucius, Mozi and Zhuangzi 300 1 Extended Cognition 301 2 Extended Cognition in the Chinese Tradition 303 3 Confucius’ Ritual Things 304 4 Mozi’s Disembodied Standards 309 5 Zhuangzi’s Twist 314 6 Conclusion 322 References 323 Chapter 14: Models of Knowledge in the Zhuangzi: Knowing with Chisels and Sticks 326 1 The Cicada Catcher (julüzhe 痀僂者) 329 1.1 The Cicada Catcher’s Embodied Knowledge 330 1.2 The Cicada Catcher’s Knowledge, Extended 334 1.3 The Knower in Context 336 2 The Wheelmaker, “Flat” 339 2.1 Bian’s Knowledge Embodied and Extended under the Conditions of Wheelmaking 339 2.2 “I Cannot Impart This Knowledge to My Son” 341 3 How Can Embodied Knowledge Enhance Human Flourishing? 342 References 348 Chapter 15: Dreyfus and Zeami on Embodied Expertise 351 1 Introduction 351 2 Dreyfus on Skilled Expertise 353 3 Zeami on Skilled Expertise (1): Mushin 356 4 Zeami on Skilled Expertise (2): Shoshin 358 4.1 The Beginner’s Mindset Regarding Right and Wrong 359 4.2 The Beginner’s Mindset Unique to Each Phase of Skill Development 361 4.3 The Beginner’s Mindset in Old Age 362 5 Zeami on Skilled Expertise (3): The Flower 363 6 Comparing Dreyfus and Zeami 365 6.1 Differences and Supplementations 365 6.2 The Problem of Idealised Embodiment 368 7 Concluding Remarks 369 References 371 Index 373