راهنمای بقا در شیمی برای پادشاهان - راهنمایی برای علاقه‌مندان، مشتاقان یا آماتورها برای تهیهٔ مواد شیمیایی معمولی و غیرمعمول در آزمایشگاه

Ledgard J.B. Kings Chemistry Survival Guide - A guide for the hobbyist, enthusiast, or amateur for the preparation of common, and un-common laboratory chemicals 2003 [pdf 134sc 134c. 7.08mb] KINGS CHEMISTRY SURVIVAL GUIDE 1 1 1 1 EDITION 1 1 By Jared B. Ledgard 1 B. Methods of Cooling 13 C. Extraction 15 16 I. For extracting a chemical reaction mixture: 16 4) Salting Out 17 Method 1: Extraction of piperine from black pepper 18 Method 1: Extraction of vanillin from store bought vanilla extract 19 Method 1: Extraction of eugenol from store bought cloves 20 Method 1: Extraction of myristicin from store bought nutmeg 21 Method 2: Extraction of myristicin from nutmeg butter 22 23 Caffeine 23 Method 1: Extraction of caffeine from tea leaves 23 Method 1: Extraction of Apiole from parsley seeds 24 Method 2: Extraction of Apiole from oil of parsley 25 Method 1: Extraction of Safrole from sassafras oil 27 D. Recrystallization, product recovery, and filtration 28 28 I. The recrystallization process 28 II. Filtration 29 E. Washing and drying liquids and solids 31 31 I. Washing liquids and solids 31 II. Drying agents and drying liquids 32 F. Distillation 32 G. Lab safety 34 H. Laboratory equipment 35 37 37 37 37 37 SECTION 3: General Lab Procedures 37 Part 3: The Preparation of General Lab Chemicals 37 Also known as: Trichloromethane, formyl trichloride 37 Method 1: Preparation of chloroform from acetone and bleaching powder 37 Method 2: Preparation of chloroform from Rubbing alcohol and bleaching powder 40 Method 3: Preparation of chloroform from Rubbing alcohol, potassium dichromate, pickling salt, and dilute sulfuric acid using an electrochemical cell. 41 The electrolysis process 41 Method 1: Preparation of Iodine from potassium or sodium iodide and bleach 43 Classic sublimation setup 44 Method 2: Preparation of Iodine from potassium or sodium iodide and bleaching powder 45 Method 3: Preparation of Iodine from potassium or sodium iodide and chlorine gas 45 47 47 Also known as: Ether, Ethyl oxide, Anesthetic, Ethoxyethane 47 Method 1: Preparation of diethyl ether from vodka and concentrated sulfuric acid 48 Method 2: Preparation of diethyl ether from vodka and battery acid 49 Method 3: Preparation of diethyl ether from distilled ethyl alcohol (95% alcohol; ABS alcohol; ever clear), with concentrated sulfuric acid or battery acid 50 Method 4: Preparation of diethyl ether from denatured alcohol with concentrated sulfuric acid or battery acid 51 51 51 Also known as: Absolute alcohol; Grain alcohol; Ethyl hydrate 51 Method 1: Preparation of 95% ethyl alcohol from liquor, wine, or beer 52 First distillation 53 Method 2A: Preparation of 95% ethyl alcohol from table sugar or common food grade starch (corn starch) 53 Method 2B: Preparation of 95% ethyl alcohol from table sugar, brown sugar, molasses, or juice (improved process) 55 Method 3: Preparation of 99% ethyl alcohol from 95% ethyl alcohol and metallic sodium 56 58 Final note for method 1: Like most of the apparatus illustrated in this book, the apparatus illustrated in figure 027 can be replaced by any similar set-up. It should also be noted that the illustrations in this book are merely suggestive drawings, and d 58 63 63 Figure 036. Apparatus for the distillation of methylene chloride to collect pure nitric acid. The receiver flask should contain some fresh methylene chloride so as to form an air-tight seal by submerging the exit tube below the liquid surface. When the m 63 Figure 038. Set-up for the preparation of anhydrous hydrogen chloride gas. Note: gently heating the reaction flask can help speed up the reaction. 67 Figure 039. Set-up for the preparation of anhydrous hydrogen sulfide gas. Note: gently heating the reaction flask can help speed up the reaction. 69 Sodium hydroxide 104 Sodium chlorate 108 By Jared B. Ledgard......Page 1 B. Methods of Cooling......Page 13 C. Extraction......Page 15 I. For extracting a chemical reaction mixture:......Page 16 4) Salting Out......Page 17 Method 1: Extraction of piperine from black pepper......Page 18 Method 1: Extraction of vanillin from store bought vanilla extract......Page 19 Method 1: Extraction of eugenol from store bought cloves......Page 20 Method 1: Extraction of myristicin from store bought nutmeg......Page 21 Method 2: Extraction of myristicin from nutmeg butter......Page 22 Method 1: Extraction of caffeine from tea leaves......Page 23 Method 1: Extraction of Apiole from parsley seeds......Page 24 Method 2: Extraction of Apiole from oil of parsley......Page 25 Method 1: Extraction of Safrole from sassafras oil......Page 27 I. The recrystallization process......Page 28 II. Filtration......Page 29 I. Washing liquids and solids......Page 31 F. Distillation......Page 32 G. Lab safety......Page 34 H. Laboratory equipment......Page 35 Method 1: Preparation of chloroform from acetone and bleaching powder......Page 37 Method 2: Preparation of chloroform from Rubbing alcohol and bleaching powder......Page 40 The electrolysis process......Page 41 Method 1: Preparation of Iodine from potassium or sodium iodide and bleach......Page 43 Classic sublimation setup......Page 44 Method 3: Preparation of Iodine from potassium or sodium iodide and chlorine gas......Page 45 Also known as: Ether, Ethyl oxide, Anesthetic, Ethoxyethane......Page 47 Method 1: Preparation of diethyl ether from vodka and concentrated sulfuric acid......Page 48 Method 2: Preparation of diethyl ether from vodka and battery acid......Page 49 Method 3: Preparation of diethyl ether from distilled ethyl alcohol (95% alcohol; ABS alcohol; ever clear), with concentrated sulfuric acid or battery acid......Page 50 Also known as: Absolute alcohol; Grain alcohol; Ethyl hydrate......Page 51 Method 1: Preparation of 95% ethyl alcohol from liquor, wine, or beer......Page 52 Method 2A: Preparation of 95% ethyl alcohol from table sugar or common food grade starch (corn starch)......Page 53 Method 2B: Preparation of 95% ethyl alcohol from table sugar, brown sugar, molasses, or juice (improved process)......Page 55 Method 3: Preparation of 99% ethyl alcohol from 95% ethyl alcohol and metallic sodium......Page 56 Final note for method 1: Like most of the apparatus illustrated in this book, the apparatus illustrated in figure 027 can be replaced by any similar set-up. It should also be noted that the illustrations in this book are merely suggestive drawings, and d......Page 58 Figure 036. Apparatus for the distillation of methylene chloride to collect pure nitric acid. The receiver flask should contain some fresh methylene chloride so as to form an air-tight seal by submerging the exit tube below the liquid surface. When the m......Page 63 Figure 038. Set-up for the preparation of anhydrous hydrogen chloride gas. Note: gently heating the reaction flask can help speed up the reaction.......Page 67 Figure 039. Set-up for the preparation of anhydrous hydrogen sulfide gas. Note: gently heating the reaction flask can help speed up the reaction.......Page 69 Sodium hydroxide......Page 104 Sodium chlorate......Page 108