Kinesiology of the musculoskeletal system : foundations for physical rehabilitation /[edited by] Donald A. Neumann

Brilliantly and abundantly illustrated, this dynamic resource is the most comprehensive, research-based, reader-friendly text on kinesiology. An engaging approach explores the fundamental principles in vivid detail and clarifies the link between the structure and function of the musculoskeletal system to help you ensure a clear, confident understanding. UNIQUE! Clinical Connections boxes in each chapter enhance your understanding and promote practical application. Special Focus boxes and clinical examples throughout the text bridge classroom content with real-world application to help you succeed in practice. Logically organized content establishes an understanding of fundamental concepts before moving on to more complex material to make learning easier. Chapter outlines provide a framework for learning and enable you to reference specific topics at a glance. UNIQUE! A companion Evolve Resources website reinforces your understanding through kinesiology video clips and answers to study questions. UNIQUE! More than 500 high-quality, full-color illustrations clarify musculoskeletal anatomy and reinforce anatomic concepts. Study questions in each chapter test your comprehension and strengthen your critical-thinking capabilities. Front cover......Page 1 Distinctive Features......Page 2 Half title page......Page 3 Evolve page......Page 4 Kinesiology of the Musculoskeletal System_Reprint......Page 5 Copyright page......Page 6 Dedication......Page 7 About the Author......Page 9 About the Contributors......Page 13 Reviewers......Page 15 Organization......Page 17 Acknowledgments......Page 18 Table of Contents......Page 21 I Essential Topics of Kinesiology......Page 25 Study Questions......Page 26 OVERALL PLAN OF THIS TEXTBOOK......Page 27 Translation Compared with Rotation......Page 28 AXIS OF ROTATION......Page 29 OSTEOKINEMATICS: A MATTER OF PERSPECTIVE......Page 30 FUNDAMENTAL MOVEMENTS BETWEEN JOINT SURFACES......Page 31 Motions That Combine Roll-and-Slide and Spin Arthrokinematics......Page 32 PREDICTING AN ARTHROKINEMATIC PATTERN BASED ON JOINT MORPHOLOGY......Page 33 CLOSE-PACKED AND LOOSE-PACKED POSITIONS AT A JOINT......Page 34 IMPACT OF FORCES ON THE MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM: INTRODUCTORY CONCEPTS AND TERMINOLOGY......Page 35 INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL FORCES......Page 37 Musculoskeletal Torques......Page 39 TYPES OF MUSCLE ACTIVATION......Page 42 MUSCLE ACTION AT A JOINT......Page 43 First-Class Lever......Page 44 MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE......Page 45 Dictating the Trade-off between Force and Distance......Page 47 SUMMARY......Page 48 GLOSSARY......Page 49 REFERENCES......Page 50 STUDY QUESTIONS......Page 51 Synarthroses......Page 52 Diarthroses: Synovial Joints......Page 53 CLASSIFICATION OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS BASED ON MECHANICAL ANALOGY......Page 54 Simplifying the Classification of Synovial Joints: Ovoid and Saddle Joints......Page 57 HISTOLOGIC ORGANIZATION OF PERIARTICULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUES......Page 58 Fibrous Proteins......Page 59 Dense Connective Tissue......Page 60 Articular Cartilage......Page 62 Fibrocartilage......Page 63 BONE......Page 64 BRIEF OVERVIEW OF JOINT PATHOLOGY......Page 66 REFERENCES......Page 68 STUDY QUESTIONS......Page 70 CHAPTER AT A GLANCE......Page 71 Introduction to the Structural Organization of Skeletal Muscle......Page 72 Muscle Architecture......Page 74 PASSIVE LENGTH-TENSION CURVE......Page 76 ACTIVE LENGTH-TENSION CURVE......Page 77 SUMMATION OF ACTIVE FORCE AND PASSIVE TENSION: THE TOTAL LENGTH-TENSION CURVE......Page 79 Isometric Muscle Force: Development of the Internal Torque–Joint Angle Curve......Page 80 MUSCLE AS A SKELETAL MOVER: FORCE MODULATION......Page 82 FORCE-VELOCITY CURVE......Page 83 POWER AND WORK: ADDITIONAL CONCEPTS RELATED TO THE FORCE-VELOCITY RELATIONSHIP OF MUSCLE......Page 84 Activating Muscle via the Nervous System......Page 85 RECRUITMENT......Page 86 RATE CODING......Page 87 Recording of Electromyography......Page 88 Analysis and Normalization of Electromyography......Page 90 Electromyographic Amplitude during Muscular Activation......Page 91 CAUSES OF MUSCLE FATIGUE IN HEALTHY PERSONS......Page 92 Changes in Muscle with Strength Training......Page 93 Changes in Muscle with Advanced Age......Page 94 SUMMARY......Page 96 REFERENCES......Page 97 STUDY QUESTIONS......Page 100 NEWTON’S LAWS: UNDERLYING PRINCIPLES OF BIOMECHANICS......Page 101 NEWTON’S FIRST LAW: LAW OF INERTIA......Page 102 Force (Torque)-Acceleration Relationship......Page 103 Work-Energy Relationship......Page 105 INTRODUCTION TO MOVEMENT ANALYSIS: SETTING THE STAGE FOR ANALYSIS......Page 107 Free Body Diagram......Page 108 STEPS FOR CONSTRUCTING THE FREE BODY DIAGRAM......Page 110 SPATIAL REFERENCE FRAMES......Page 111 GRAPHIC AND MATHEMATIC METHODS OF FORCE ANALYSIS......Page 112 Composition of Forces......Page 113 Resolution of Forces......Page 114 CONTRASTING INTERNAL VERSUS EXTERNAL FORCES AND TORQUES......Page 115 INFLUENCE OF CHANGING THE ANGLE OF THE JOINT......Page 116 COMPARING TWO METHODS FOR DETERMINING TORQUE AROUND A JOINT......Page 117 MANUALLY APPLYING EXTERNAL TORQUES DURING EXERCISE AND STRENGTH TESTING......Page 118 INTRODUCTION TO BIOMECHANICS: FINDING THE SOLUTIONS......Page 120 Static Analysis......Page 121 Problem 1......Page 122 Clinical Questions Related to Problem 1......Page 123 Clinical Questions Related to Problem 2......Page 124 Problem 3......Page 125 Clinical Questions Related to Problem 3......Page 127 Imaging Techniques......Page 128 Electromechanical Devices......Page 130 REFERENCES......Page 136 Additional Clinical Connections......Page 132 STUDY QUESTIONS......Page 137 Part A: Basic Review of Right Angle Trigonometry......Page 139 CLINICAL QUESTIONS......Page 140 II Upper Extremity......Page 143 Study Questions......Page 144 Sternum......Page 145 Scapula......Page 146 Proximal-to-Mid Humerus......Page 148 ARTHROLOGY......Page 150 GENERAL FEATURES......Page 151 PERIARTICULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE......Page 152 Elevation and Depression......Page 153 GENERAL FEATURES......Page 154 PERIARTICULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE......Page 155 Horizontal and Sagittal Plane “Rotational Adjustments” at the Acromioclavicular Joint......Page 156 Scapulothoracic Joint......Page 157 Protraction and Retraction......Page 158 Upward and Downward Rotation......Page 159 Capsular Ligaments......Page 160 Rotator Cuff Muscles and Long Head of the Biceps Brachii......Page 164 SCAPULOTHORACIC POSTURE AND ITS EFFECT ON STATIC STABILITY......Page 165 Abduction and Adduction......Page 166 Internal and External Rotation......Page 168 SCAPULOHUMERAL RHYTHM......Page 170 STERNOCLAVICULAR AND ACROMIOCLAVICULAR JOINTS DURING FULL ABDUCTION......Page 171 INNERVATION OF MUSCLE......Page 174 ELEVATORS......Page 175 DEPRESSORS......Page 176 PROTRACTORS......Page 178 MUSCLES THAT ELEVATE THE ARM AT THE GLENOHUMERAL JOINT......Page 179 Trapezius and Serratus Anterior Interaction during Upward Rotation of the Scapula......Page 180 Serratus Anterior Paralysis......Page 181 Regulators of Dynamic Stability at the Glenohumeral Joint......Page 182 Active Controllers of the Arthrokinematics at the Glenohumeral Joint......Page 183 Muscles That Adduct and Extend the Shoulder......Page 185 INTERNAL ROTATOR MUSCLES......Page 186 EXTERNAL ROTATOR MUSCLES......Page 187 SYNOPSIS......Page 188 Additional Clinical Connections......Page 190 REFERENCES......Page 192 STUDY QUESTIONS......Page 196 Mid-to-Distal Humerus......Page 197 Radius......Page 199 Normal “Valgus Angle” of the Elbow......Page 201 PERIARTICULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE......Page 202 Functional Considerations of Flexion and Extension......Page 205 Arthrokinematics at the Humero-Ulnar Joint......Page 206 Structure and Function of the Interosseous Membrane......Page 207 GENERAL FEATURES OF THE PROXIMAL AND DISTAL RADIO-ULNAR JOINTS......Page 209 Distal Radio-Ulnar Joint......Page 210 Introduction to the Triangular Fibrocartilage Complex......Page 211 Supination......Page 213 Humeroradial Joint: a “Shared” Joint between the Elbow and the Forearm......Page 214 Pronation and Supination with the Radius and Hand Held Fixed......Page 216 INNERVATION OF MUSCLE......Page 217 Individual Muscle Action of the Elbow Flexors......Page 222 Torque Generated by the Elbow Flexor Muscles......Page 224 Muscular Components......Page 226 Torque Generation by the Elbow Extensors......Page 228 Function of the Supinator and Pronator Muscles......Page 230 Supinator versus Biceps Brachii......Page 231 PRONATOR MUSCLES......Page 233 Pronator Teres versus Pronator Quadratus......Page 234 SYNOPSIS......Page 235 Additional Clinical Connections......Page 236 REFERENCES......Page 238 STUDY QUESTIONS......Page 239 Distal Forearm......Page 240 LUNATE......Page 242 Carpal Tunnel......Page 243 WRIST LIGAMENTS......Page 245 Extrinsic Ligaments......Page 247 Intrinsic Ligaments......Page 248 OSTEOKINEMATICS......Page 249 Dynamic Interaction within the Joints of the Central Column of the Wrist......Page 250 Additional Arthrokinematics Involving the Proximal Row of Carpal Bones......Page 251 Carpal Instability......Page 252 ROTATIONAL COLLAPSE OF THE WRIST......Page 253 INNERVATION OF MUSCLE......Page 254 Muscular Anatomy......Page 255 Wrist Extensor Activity while Making a Fist......Page 256 Muscular Anatomy......Page 258 Functional Considerations......Page 259 FUNCTION OF THE RADIAL AND ULNAR DEVIATORS......Page 260 SYNOPSIS......Page 261 Additional Clinical Connections......Page 262 REFERENCES......Page 265 STUDY QUESTIONS......Page 267 TERMINOLOGY......Page 268 Metacarpals......Page 270 Arches of the Hand......Page 272 ARTHROLOGY......Page 273 Joint Structure and Kinematics......Page 274 Saddle Joint Structure......Page 275 Abduction and Adduction at the Thumb Carpometacarpal Joint......Page 276 Flexion and Extension at the Thumb Carpometacarpal Joint......Page 277 Opposition of the Thumb Carpometacarpal Joint......Page 278 General Features and Ligaments......Page 279 Osteokinematics......Page 280 Arthrokinematics......Page 281 General Features and Ligaments......Page 282 THUMB......Page 284 Muscular Function of the Hand......Page 286 Anatomy and Joint Action of the Extrinsic Flexors of the Digits......Page 287 Passive Finger Flexion via “Tenodesis Action” of the Extrinsic Digital Flexors......Page 290 Muscular Anatomy......Page 291 Action of the Extrinsic Finger Extensors......Page 293 Anatomic Considerations......Page 294 Functional Considerations......Page 295 Implications of Median Nerve Injury......Page 296 Lumbricals and Interosseus Muscles......Page 297 Interaction of the Extrinsic and Intrinsic Muscles of the Fingers......Page 300 Primary Muscular Activity......Page 301 Primary Muscle Action......Page 304 HAND AS AN EFFECTOR ORGAN......Page 305 Zigzag Deformity of the Thumb......Page 306 PALMAR DISLOCATION OF THE METACARPOPHALANGEAL JOINT......Page 307 ULNAR DRIFT......Page 308 BOUTONNIERE DEFORMITY......Page 310 SYNOPSIS......Page 312 Additional Clinical Connections......Page 313 REFERENCES......Page 319 STUDY QUESTIONS......Page 321 Appendix II Reference Materials for Muscle Attachments and Innervation of the Upper Extremity......Page 322 Part A: Spinal Nerve Root Innervation of the Muscles of the Upper Extremity......Page 323 Part C: Key Muscles for Testing the Function of Spinal Nerve Roots (C5 to T1)......Page 324 Subclavius......Page 325 Extensor Carpi Ulnaris......Page 326 Abductor Pollicis Brevis......Page 327 Palmar Interossei......Page 328 III Axial Skeleton......Page 329 Study Questions......Page 330 CHAPTER AT A GLANCE......Page 331 Temporal and Occipital Bones......Page 333 RIBS......Page 334 STERNUM......Page 335 NORMAL CURVATURES WITHIN THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN......Page 336 LINE OF GRAVITY PASSING THROUGH THE BODY......Page 338 LIGAMENTOUS SUPPORT OF THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN......Page 339 Typical Cervical Vertebrae (C3 to C6)......Page 342 Atlas (C1)......Page 345 Typical Thoracic Vertebrae (T2 to T9)......Page 346 LUMBAR REGION......Page 347 SACRUM......Page 348 COCCYX......Page 349 Typical Intervertebral Junction......Page 350 STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE APOPHYSEAL JOINTS......Page 351 Structural Considerations of the Lumbar Intervertebral Discs......Page 352 Intervertebral Disc as a Hydrostatic Pressure Distributor......Page 354 Diurnal Fluctuations in the Water Content within the Intervertebral Discs......Page 355 Introduction to Spinal Coupling......Page 356 Atlanto-occipital Joint......Page 357 Tectorial Membrane and the Alar Ligaments......Page 358 Osteokinematics of Flexion and Extension......Page 360 Intracervical Articulations (C2 to C7)......Page 361 Osteokinematics of Protraction and Retraction......Page 362 Intracervical Articulations (C2 to C7)......Page 363 SPINAL COUPLING BETWEEN LATERAL FLEXION AND AXIAL ROTATION......Page 364 ANATOMY OF THORACIC ARTICULAR STRUCTURES......Page 365 KINEMATICS......Page 367 Kinematics of Flexion and Extension......Page 368 Kinematics of Axial Rotation......Page 369 L5-S1 Junction......Page 370 Flexion of the Lumbar Region......Page 374 Extension of the Lumbar Region......Page 375 Variations of Lumbopelvic Rhythms during Trunk Flexion from a Standing Position: a Kinematic Analysis.......Page 377 Lumbopelvic Rhythm during Trunk Extension from a Forward Bent Position: a Muscular Analysis.......Page 378 Kinesiologic Correlations between Anterior Pelvic Tilt and Increased Lumbar Lordosis.......Page 379 Horizontal Plane Kinematics: Axial Rotation......Page 380 Sitting Posture and Its Effect on Alignment within the Lumbar and Craniocervical Regions......Page 381 SUMMARY OF THE KINEMATICS WITHIN THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN......Page 382 SACROILIAC JOINTS......Page 383 JOINT STRUCTURE......Page 384 LIGAMENTS......Page 385 THORACOLUMBAR FASCIA......Page 386 Stability during Load Transfer: Mechanics of Generating a Nutation Torque at the Sacroiliac Joints......Page 387 Stabilizing Effect of Ligaments and Muscles......Page 388 SYNOPSIS......Page 389 Additional Clinical Connections......Page 390 REFERENCES......Page 398 STUDY QUESTIONS......Page 402 CHAPTER AT A GLANCE......Page 403 PLEXUS......Page 404 Production of Internal Torque......Page 405 Muscles in the Deep Layer of the Back......Page 407 Erector Spinae Group......Page 409 Semispinalis Muscles.......Page 410 Short Segmental Group of Muscles......Page 412 SET 2: MUSCLES OF THE ANTERIOR-LATERAL TRUNK (“ABDOMINAL” MUSCLES)......Page 413 Actions of the Abdominal Muscles......Page 414 Iliopsoas......Page 416 Muscles of the Trunk: Functional Interactions among Muscles......Page 417 Intrinsic Muscular Stabilizers of the Trunk......Page 418 Extrinsic Muscular Stabilizers of the Trunk......Page 419 PERFORMING A STANDARD SIT-UP MOVEMENT......Page 420 SET 1: MUSCLES OF THE ANTERIOR-LATERAL CRANIOCERVICAL REGION......Page 422 Scalenes......Page 423 SET 2: MUSCLES OF THE POSTERIOR CRANIOCERVICAL REGION......Page 424 Suboccipital Muscles......Page 425 STABILIZING THE CRANIOCERVICAL REGION......Page 426 PRODUCING EXTENSIVE AND WELL-COORDINATED MOVEMENTS OF THE HEAD AND NECK: OPTIMIZING THE PLACEMENT OF THE EYES, EARS, AND NOSE......Page 428 ESTIMATING THE MAGNITUDE OF FORCE IMPOSED ON THE LOW BACK DURING LIFTING......Page 429 WAYS TO REDUCE THE FORCE DEMANDS ON THE BACK MUSCLES DURING LIFTING......Page 431 Passive Tension Generation from Stretching the Posterior Ligamentous System......Page 432 Muscular-Generated Tension Transferred through the Thoracolumbar Fascia......Page 433 SYNOPSIS......Page 435 Additional Clinical Connections......Page 437 REFERENCES......Page 443 STUDY QUESTIONS......Page 446 Regional Surface Anatomy......Page 447 REFERENCES......Page 477 MANDIBLE......Page 448 ZYGOMATIC BONE......Page 449 SPHENOID BONE......Page 450 MANDIBULAR CONDYLE......Page 451 Articular Disc......Page 452 Osteokinematics......Page 453 DEPRESSION AND ELEVATION......Page 454 DEPRESSION AND ELEVATION......Page 455 Temporalis......Page 457 Lateral Pterygoid......Page 458 SUMMARY OF INDIVIDUAL MUSCLE ACTION......Page 459 Opening the Mouth......Page 460 Closing the Mouth......Page 461 SYNOPSIS......Page 462 PART 2: VENTILATION......Page 463 Articulations within the Thorax......Page 464 VERTICAL CHANGES......Page 465 ANTERIOR-POSTERIOR AND MEDIAL-LATERAL CHANGES......Page 466 DIAPHRAGM MUSCLE......Page 467 Anatomy......Page 468 Function of the Intercostales Externi and Interni Muscles......Page 469 Muscles of Forced Inspiration......Page 470 ABDOMINAL MUSCLES......Page 471 TRANSVERSUS THORACIS AND INTERCOSTALES INTERNI......Page 472 SYNOPSIS......Page 473 Additional Clinical Connections......Page 475 PART 2: VENTILATION......Page 479 Part A: Formation of the Cauda Equina......Page 480 Spinalis Capitis (Blends with Semispinalis Capitis)......Page 481 Superior Oblique Portion......Page 482 Masseter: Combined Superficial and Deep Heads......Page 483 Intercostales Interni......Page 484 Transversus Thoracis......Page 485 IV Lower Extremity......Page 487 Study Questions......Page 488 Innominate......Page 489 REFERENCES......Page 539 ILIUM......Page 491 Femur......Page 492 Femoral Torsion......Page 494 FEMORAL HEAD......Page 496 Center-Edge Angle......Page 497 CAPSULE AND LIGAMENTS OF THE HIP......Page 498 Osteokinematics......Page 500 Lumbopelvic Rhythm......Page 503 Lumbar Plexus......Page 505 SENSORY INNERVATION OF THE HIP......Page 506 Anatomy and Individual Action......Page 508 Femoral-on-Pelvic Hip Flexion......Page 510 Functional Anatomy......Page 511 Frontal Plane Function......Page 513 Overall Function......Page 514 Anatomy and Individual Action......Page 515 Hip Extensors Performing a Posterior Pelvic Tilt.......Page 516 Hip Extensors Controlling a Forward Lean of the Body.......Page 517 Anatomy and Individual Action......Page 518 Hip Abductor Mechanism: Role in the Production of Compression Force at the Hip......Page 519 Maximal Abduction Torque Varies According to Hip Joint Angle......Page 520 Functional Anatomy of the “Short External Rotators”......Page 522 MAXIMAL TORQUE PRODUCED BY THE HIP MUSCLES......Page 523 Fracture of the Hip......Page 524 USING A CANE AND PROPER METHODS FOR CARRYING EXTERNAL LOADS......Page 525 BIOMECHANICAL CONSEQUENCES OF COXA VARA AND COXA VALGA......Page 528 SYNOPSIS......Page 529 Additional Clinical Connections......Page 531 STUDY QUESTIONS......Page 543 Distal Femur......Page 544 Proximal Tibia and Fibula......Page 545 Patella......Page 546 General Anatomic and Alignment Considerations......Page 547 Capsule and Reinforcing Ligaments......Page 548 Synovial Membrane, Bursae, and Fat Pads......Page 549 Anatomic Considerations......Page 550 Functional Considerations......Page 551 OSTEOKINEMATICS AT THE TIBIOFEMORAL JOINT......Page 552 Internal and External (Axial) Rotation......Page 553 “Screw-Home” Rotation of the Knee......Page 554 Functional Considerations......Page 555 General Considerations......Page 556 Anatomy and Function......Page 558 Common Mechanisms of Injury......Page 559 Anatomy and Function......Page 560 Patellofemoral Joint......Page 561 Path and Area of Patellar Contact on the Femur......Page 562 Anatomic Considerations......Page 563 Internal Torque–Joint Angle Relationship of the Quadriceps Muscle......Page 565 Functional Role of the Patella.......Page 567 PATELLOFEMORAL JOINT KINETICS......Page 568 Role of the Quadriceps Muscle in Patellar Tracking......Page 569 Local Factors......Page 570 Global Factors......Page 571 KNEE FLEXOR-ROTATOR MUSCLES......Page 573 Group Action of Flexor-Rotator Muscles......Page 574 Control of Femoral-on-Tibial Osteokinematics......Page 575 Genu Varum with Unicompartmental Osteoarthritis of the Knee......Page 576 Excessive Genu Valgum......Page 577 Genu Recurvatum......Page 578 SYNOPSIS......Page 580 Additional Clinical Connections......Page 581 REFERENCES......Page 590 STUDY QUESTIONS......Page 596 NAMING THE JOINTS AND REGIONS......Page 597 FIBULA......Page 598 Calcaneus......Page 599 Cuboid......Page 601 Terminology Used to Describe Movements......Page 602 DISTAL TIBIOFIBULAR JOINT......Page 603 Ligaments......Page 604 Osteokinematics......Page 606 Progressive Stabilization of the Talocrural Joint throughout the Stance Phase of Gait......Page 608 Articular Structure......Page 609 Kinematics......Page 610 TRANSVERSE TARSAL JOINT (TALONAVICULAR AND CALCANEOCUBOID JOINTS)......Page 611 Calcaneocuboid Joint......Page 613 Arthrokinematics......Page 614 Passive Support Mechanism of the Medial Longitudinal Arch......Page 617 COMBINED ACTION OF THE SUBTALAR AND TRANSVERSE TARSAL JOINTS......Page 618 Early to Mid-Stance Phase of Gait: Kinematics of Pronation at the Subtalar Joint......Page 619 Biomechanical Benefits of Limiting Pronation during the Stance Phase......Page 621 Mid-to-Late Stance Phase of Gait: Kinematics of Supination at the Subtalar Joint......Page 622 DISTAL INTERTARSAL JOINTS......Page 623 Kinematic Considerations......Page 624 Anatomic Considerations......Page 625 Hallux Limitus......Page 626 INTERPHALANGEAL JOINTS......Page 627 ACTION OF THE JOINTS WITHIN THE FOREFOOT DURING THE LATE STANCE PHASE OF GAIT......Page 628 INNERVATION OF MUSCLES......Page 629 Anatomy and Function of the Muscles......Page 630 Anatomy......Page 631 Anatomy......Page 632 Joint Action......Page 633 Superficial Group.......Page 634 Deep Group.......Page 635 Joint Action......Page 636 Plantar Flexion Torque Generated for Propulsion.......Page 637 Injury to the Common Fibular Nerve and Its Branches......Page 638 Anatomic and Functional Considerations......Page 639 Layer 3......Page 640 SYNOPSIS......Page 641 Additional Clinical Connections......Page 643 REFERENCES......Page 648 STUDY QUESTIONS......Page 650 CHAPTER AT A GLANCE......Page 651 HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE OF GAIT ANALYSIS......Page 652 Gait Cycle......Page 654 Stance and Swing Phases......Page 657 SUBDIVISION OF STANCE AND SWING PHASES......Page 659 Displacement of the Center of Mass......Page 660 Kinetic and Potential Energy Considerations......Page 662 HIP......Page 663 ANKLE (TALOCRURAL JOINT)......Page 664 Frontal Plane Kinematics......Page 665 KNEE......Page 666 FOOT AND SUBTALAR JOINT......Page 668 HIP......Page 669 ELBOW......Page 670 ENERGY EXPENDITURE......Page 671 VERTICAL DISPLACEMENT OF THE CENTER OF MASS......Page 672 SIDE-TO-SIDE DISPLACEMENT OF THE CENTER OF MASS......Page 673 HIP EXTENSORS......Page 674 HIP ABDUCTORS......Page 675 HIP ADDUCTORS AND HIP ROTATORS......Page 676 ANKLE PLANTAR FLEXORS......Page 677 TIBIALIS POSTERIOR......Page 678 VERTICAL FORCES......Page 679 ANTERIOR-POSTERIOR FORCES......Page 680 Joint Torques and Powers......Page 681 HIP......Page 682 KNEE......Page 683 ANKLE......Page 686 GAIT DYSFUNCTIONS......Page 687 SYNOPSIS......Page 695 Additional Clinical Connections......Page 696 REFERENCES......Page 701 STUDY QUESTIONS......Page 705 Appendix IV Reference Materials for Muscle Attachments and Innervation of the Lower Extremity......Page 706 Part A: Spinal Nerve Root Innervations of the Muscles of the Lower Extremity......Page 707 Part C: Dermatomes of the Lower Extremity......Page 708 Obturator Internus......Page 709 Extensor Hallucis Longus......Page 710 Lumbricals......Page 711 Distal Attachments*......Page 712 A......Page 713 B......Page 715 C......Page 716 D......Page 718 E......Page 719 F......Page 720 G......Page 723 H......Page 724 I......Page 726 J......Page 728 K......Page 729 L......Page 730 M......Page 732 O......Page 734 P......Page 735 R......Page 738 S......Page 740 T......Page 744 V......Page 747 W......Page 748 Z......Page 749 The link between structure and function of the musculoskeletal system is clarified and explained in this complete guide to clinical kinesiology. Kinesiology of the Musculoskeletal System is the most comprehensive, research-based, reader-friendly text on kinesiology ever published. Beautifully and abundantly illustrated in two-color, this dynamic, accessible resource presents complex scientific information in an approach designed to draw the reader in and explore the fundamental principles of kinesiology of the trunk and extremities as well as in relation to joints, muscles, and biomechanics.