Kinesiology of the Musculoskeletal System - E-Book : Kinesiology of the Musculoskeletal System - E-Book

Brilliantly and abundantly illustrated, this dynamic resource is the most comprehensive, research-based, reader-friendly text on kinesiology. An engaging approach explores the fundamental principles in vivid detail and clarifies the link between the structure and function of the musculoskeletal system to help you ensure a clear, confident understanding. UNIQUE! Clinical Connections boxes in each chapter enhance your understanding and promote practical application. Special Focus boxes and clinical examples throughout the text bridge classroom content with real-world application to help you succeed in practice. Logically organized content establishes an understanding of fundamental concepts before moving on to more complex material to make learning easier. Chapter outlines provide a framework for learning and enable you to reference specific topics at a glance. UNIQUE! A companion Evolve Resources website reinforces your understanding through kinesiology video clips and answers to study questions. UNIQUE! More than 500 high-quality, full-color illustrations clarify musculoskeletal anatomy and reinforce anatomic concepts. Study questions in each chapter test your comprehension and strengthen your critical-thinking capabilities. Front Cover Inside Front Cover Half title page Evolve page Kinesiology of the Musculoskeletal System Copyright Page Dedication About the Author About the Illustrations About the Contributors Reviewers and Content Consultants Preface Background Approach Organization Distinctive Features Ancillary Educational Materials For the Instructor For the Student and Instructor Acknowledgments Table Of Contents I Essential Topics of Kinesiology Section I Essential Topics of Kinesiology Additional Clinical Connections Study Questions 1 Getting Started Chapter at a Glance What Is Kinesiology? Overall Plan of This Textbook Kinematics Translation Compared with Rotation Osteokinematics Planes of Motion Axis of Rotation Degrees of Freedom Osteokinematics: A Matter of Perspective Arthrokinematics Typical Joint Morphology Fundamental Movements Between Joint Surfaces Roll-and-Slide Movements Spin Motions That Combine Roll-and-Slide and Spin Arthrokinematics Predicting an Arthrokinematic Pattern Based on Joint Morphology Close-Packed and Loose-Packed Positions at A Joint Kinetics Musculoskeletal Forces Impact of Forces on the Musculoskeletal System: Introductory Concepts and Terminology Internal and External Forces Musculoskeletal Torques Muscle and Joint Interaction Types of Muscle Activation Muscle Action at A Joint Terminology Related to the Actions of Muscles Musculoskeletal Levers Three Classes of Levers First-Class Lever Second-Class Lever Third-Class Lever Mechanical Advantage Dictating the Trade-Off between Force and Distance Synopsis Glossary Study Questions References 2 Basic Structure and Function of Human Joints Chapter at a Glance Classification of Joints Based on Movement Potential Synarthroses Diarthroses: Synovial Joints Classification of Synovial Joints Based on Mechanical Analogy Simplifying the Classification of Synovial Joints: Ovoid and Saddle Joints Axis of Rotation Histologic Organization of Periarticular Connective Tissues Fibrous Proteins Ground Substance Cells Types of Periarticular Connective Tissues Dense Connective Tissue Articular Cartilage Fibrocartilage Bone Some Effects of Immobilization on the Strength of Periarticular Connective Tissue and Bone Brief Overview of Joint Pathology A Brief Look at Some Effects of Advanced Aging on Periarticular Connective Tissue and Bone Synopsis Study Questions References 3 Muscle Chapter at a Glance Muscle as A Skeletal Stabilizer: Generating an Appropriate Amount of Force at A Given Length Introduction to the Structural Organization of Skeletal Muscle Muscle Morphology Muscle Architecture Muscle and Tendon: Generation of Force Passive Length-Tension Curve Active Length-Tension Curve Summation of Active Force and Passive Tension: the Total Length-Tension Curve Isometric Muscle Force: Development of the Internal Torque–Joint Angle Curve Muscle as A Skeletal Mover: Force Modulation Modulating Force through Concentric or Eccentric Activation: Introduction to the Force-Velocity Relationship of Muscle Force-Velocity Curve Power and Work: Additional Concepts Related to the Force-Velocity Relationship of Muscle Activating Muscle via the Nervous System Recruitment Rate Coding Introduction to Electromyography Recording of Electromyography Analysis and Normalization of Electromyography Electromyographic Amplitude During Muscular Activation Causes of Muscle Fatigue in Healthy Persons Changes in Muscle With Strength Training, Reduced Use, and Advanced Age Changes in Muscle with Strength Training Changes in Muscle with Reduced Use Changes in Muscle with Advanced Age Synopsis Study Questions References 4 Biomechanical Principles Chapter at a Glance Newton’s Laws: Underlying Principles of Biomechanics Newton’s Laws of Motion Newton’s First Law: Law of Inertia Newton’s Second Law: Law of Acceleration Force (Torque)-Acceleration Relationship Impulse-Momentum Relationship Work-Energy Relationship Newton’s Third Law: Law of Action-Reaction Introduction to Movement Analysis: Setting the Stage for Analysis Anthropometry Free Body Diagram Steps for Constructing the Free Body Diagram Spatial Reference Frames Forces and Torques Graphic and Mathematic Methods of Force Analysis Composition of Forces Resolution of Forces Contrasting Internal Versus External Forces and Torques Influence of Changing the Angle of the Joint Comparing Two Methods for Determining Torque Around A Joint Internal Torque External Torque Manually Applying External Torques During Exercise and Strength Testing Introduction to Biomechanics: Finding the Solutions Static Analysis Guidelines for Problem Solving Problem 1 Resolving Known Forces into X and Y Components Solving for Internal Torque and Muscle Force Solving for Joint Reaction Force Clinical Questions Related to Problem 1 Problem 2 Resolving Known Forces into X and Y Components Solving for Internal Torque and Muscle Force Solving for Joint Reaction Force Clinical Questions Related to Problem 2 Problem 3 Resolving Known Forces Into X and Y Components Solving for Internal Torque and Muscle Force Solving for Joint Reaction Force Clinical Questions Related to Problem 3 Dynamic Analysis Kinematic Measurement Systems Electrogoniometer Accelerometer Imaging Techniques Electromagnetic Tracking Devices Kinetic Measurement Systems Mechanical Devices Transducers Electromechanical Devices Summary Additional Clinical Connections References Study Questions Clinical Questions Clinical Questions Appendix I Trigonometry Review and Anthropometric Data Part A: Basic Review of Right-Angle Trigonometry Part B: Anthropometric Data II Upper Extremity Section II Upper Extremity Web-Based Educational Material Additional Clinical Connections Study Questions ALL Videos 5 Shoulder Complex Chapter at a Glance Osteology Sternum Clavicle Scapula Proximal-to-Mid Humerus Arthrology Sternoclavicular Joint General Features Periarticular Connective Tissue Kinematics Elevation and Depression Protraction and Retraction Axial (Longitudinal) Rotation of the Clavicle Acromioclavicular Joint General Features Periarticular Connective Tissue Kinematics Upward and Downward Rotation Horizontal and Sagittal Plane “Rotational Adjustment Motions” at the Acromioclavicular Joint Scapulothoracic Joint Kinematics Elevation and Depression Protraction and Retraction Upward and Downward Rotation Glenohumeral Joint General Features Periarticular Connective Tissue and Other Supporting Structures Capsular Ligaments Rotator Cuff Muscles and Long Head of the Biceps Brachii Glenoid Labrum Scapulothoracic Posture and Its Effect on Static Stability Coracoacromial Arch and Associated Bursa Kinematics Abduction and Adduction Clinical Relevance of Roll-and-Slide Arthrokinematics at the Glenohumeral Joint Flexion and Extension Internal and External Rotation Overall Kinematics of Shoulder Abduction: Establishing Six Kinematic Principles of the Shoulder Complex Scapulohumeral Rhythm Sternoclavicular and Acromioclavicular Joints During Full Abduction Muscle and Joint Interaction Innervation of the Muscles and Joints of the Shoulder Complex Introduction to the Brachial Plexus Innervation of Muscle Sensory Innervation to the Joints Action of the Shoulder Muscles Muscles of the Scapulothoracic Joint Elevators Depressors Protractors Retractors Upward and Downward Rotators Muscles That Elevate the Arm Muscles That Elevate the Arm at the Glenohumeral Joint Upward Rotators at the Scapulothoracic Joint Trapezius and Serratus Anterior Interaction during Upward Rotation of the Scapula Paralysis of the Upward Rotators of the Scapulothoracic Joint Trapezius Muscle Weakness Serratus Anterior Muscle Weakness Function of the Rotator Cuff Muscles During Elevation of the Arm Regulators of Dynamic Stability at the Glenohumeral Joint Active Controllers of the Arthrokinematics at the Glenohumeral Joint Muscles That Adduct and Extend the Shoulder Muscles That Internally and Externally Rotate the Shoulder Internal Rotator Muscles External Rotator Muscles Synopsis Additional Clinical Connections References Study Questions Additional Video Educational Content Clinical Kinesiology Applied to Persons with Quadriplegia (Tetraplegia) 6 Elbow and Forearm Chapter at a Glance Osteology Mid-to-Distal Humerus Ulna Radius Arthrology Joints of the Elbow General Features of the Humero-Ulnar and Humeroradial Joints Normal “Valgus Angle” of the Elbow Periarticular Connective Tissue Kinematics Functional Considerations of Flexion and Extension Arthrokinematics at the Humero-Ulnar Joint Arthrokinematics at the Humeroradial Joint Structure and Function of the Interosseous Membrane Joints of the Forearm General Features of the Proximal and Distal Radio-Ulnar Joints Joint Structure and Periarticular Connective Tissue Proximal Radio-Ulnar Joint Distal Radio-Ulnar Joint Introduction to the Triangular Fibrocartilage Complex Kinematics Functional Considerations of Pronation and Supination Arthrokinematics at the Proximal and Distal Radio-Ulnar Joints Supination Pronation The Near-Isometric Behavior of the Interosseous Membrane During Pronation and Supination Humeroradial Joint: A “Shared” Joint between the Elbow and the Forearm Pronation and Supination with the Radius and Hand Held Fixed Muscle and Joint Interaction Neuroanatomy Overview: Paths of the Musculocutaneous, Radial, Median, and Ulnar Nerves throughout the Elbow, Forearm, Wrist, and Hand Innervation of Muscles and Joints of the Elbow and Forearm Innervation of Muscle Sensory Innervation of Joints Humero-Ulnar and Humeroradial Joints Proximal and Distal Radio-Ulnar Joints Function of the Elbow Muscles Elbow Flexors Individual Muscle Action of the Elbow Flexors Torque Generated by the Elbow Flexor Muscles Polyarticular Biceps Brachii: A Physiologic Advantage of Combining Elbow Flexion with Shoulder Extension Elbow Extensors Muscular Components Electromyographic Analysis of Elbow Extension Torque Generation by the Elbow Extensors Function of the Supinator and Pronator Muscles Supinator Muscles Supinator versus Biceps Brachii Pronator Muscles Pronator Teres versus Pronator Quadratus Synopsis Additional Clinical Connections References Additional Video Educational Content Clinical Kinesiology Applied to Persons With Quadriplegia (Tetraplegia) Study Questions 7 Wrist Chapter at a Glance Osteology Distal Forearm Carpal Bones Scaphoid Lunate Triquetrum Pisiform Capitate Trapezium Trapezoid Hamate Carpal Tunnel Arthrology Joint Structure and Ligaments of the Wrist Joint Structure Radiocarpal Joint Midcarpal Joint Intercarpal Joints Wrist Ligaments Extrinsic Ligaments Intrinsic Ligaments Kinematics of Wrist Motion Osteokinematics Arthrokinematics Wrist Extension and Flexion Dynamic Interaction within the Joints of the Central Column of the Wrist Ulnar and Radial Deviation of the Wrist Dynamic Interaction Between the Radiocarpal and Midcarpal Joints Additional Arthrokinematics Involving the Proximal Row of Carpal Bones Carpal Instability Rotational Collapse of the Wrist Ulnar Translocation of the Carpus Muscle and Joint Interaction Innervation of the Wrist Muscles and Joints Innervation of Muscle Sensory Innervation of the Joints Function of the Muscles at the Wrist Function of the Wrist Extensors Muscular Anatomy Biomechanical Assessment of Wrist Muscles’ Action and Torque Potential Wrist Extensor Activity While Making a Fist Function of the Wrist Flexors Muscular Anatomy Functional Considerations Function of the Radial and Ulnar Deviators Synopsis Additional Clinical Connections References Additional Video Educational Content Clinical Kinesiology Applied to Persons With Quadriplegia (Tetraplegia) Study Questions 8 Hand Chapter at a Glance Terminology Osteology Metacarpals Phalanges Arches of the Hand Arthrology Carpometacarpal Joints Second Through Fifth Carpometacarpal Joints General Features and Ligamentous Support Joint Structure and Kinematics Carpometacarpal Joint of the Thumb Capsule and Ligaments of the Thumb Carpometacarpal Joint Saddle Joint Structure Kinematics Abduction and Adduction at the Thumb Carpometacarpal Joint Flexion and Extension at the Thumb Carpometacarpal Joint Opposition of the Thumb Carpometacarpal Joint Metacarpophalangeal Joints Fingers General Features and Ligaments Kinematics Osteokinematics Arthrokinematics Thumb General Features and Ligaments Interphalangeal Joints Fingers General Features and Ligaments Kinematics Thumb Muscle and Joint Interaction Innervation of Muscles, Skin, and Joints of the Hand Muscle and Skin Innervation Sensory Innervation to the Joints Muscular Function of the Hand Extrinsic Flexors of the Digits Anatomy and Joint Action of the Extrinsic Flexors of the Digits Anatomy and Function of the Flexor Pulleys Role of Proximal Stabilizer Muscles during Active Finger Flexion Passive Finger Flexion via “Tenodesis Action” of the Extrinsic Digital Flexors Extrinsic Extensors of the Fingers Muscular Anatomy Extensor Mechanism of the Fingers Action of the Extrinsic Finger Extensors Extrinsic Extensors of the Thumb Anatomic Considerations Functional Considerations Intrinsic Muscles of the Hand Muscles of the Thenar Eminence Anatomic Considerations Functional Considerations Implications of Median Nerve Injury Muscles of the Hypothenar Eminence Anatomic Considerations Functional Considerations Adductor Pollicis Muscle Lumbricals and Interosseus Muscles Interaction of the Extrinsic and Intrinsic Muscles of the Fingers Opening the Hand: Finger Extension Primary Muscular Activity Function of Wrist Flexors during Finger Extension Closing the Hand: Finger Flexion Primary Muscle Action Function of Wrist Extensors during Finger Flexion Hand as an Effector Organ Joint Deformities Typically Caused by Rheumatoid Arthritis Zigzag Deformity of the Thumb Destruction of the Metacarpophalangeal Joints of the Finger Palmar Dislocation of the Metacarpophalangeal Joint Ulnar Drift Zigzag Deformities of the Fingers Swan-Neck Deformity Boutonnière Deformity Synopsis Additional Clinical Connections References Additional Video Educational Content Clinical Kinesiology Applied to Persons With Quadriplegia (Tetraplegia) Study Questions Appendix II Reference Materials for Muscle Attachments and Innervations, Muscle Cross-Sectional Areas, and Dermatomes of the Upper Extremity Part A: Paths of the Peripheral Nerves throughout the Elbow, Wrist, and Hand Part B: Spinal Nerve Root Innervation of the Muscles of the Upper Extremity Part C: Five Major Nerves and Their Motor Innervation Pattern throughout the Upper Extremity Part D: Key Muscles for Testing the Function of Spinal Nerve Roots (C5 to T1) Part E: Dermatomes of the Upper Extremity Part F: Attachments and Innervation of the Muscles of the Upper Extremity Shoulder Musculature Coracobrachialis Deltoid Infraspinatus Latissimus Dorsi Levator Scapula Pectoralis Major Pectoralis Minor Rhomboid Major and Minor Serratus Anterior Subclavius Subscapularis Supraspinatus Teres Major Teres Minor Trapezius Elbow and Forearm Musculature Anconeus Biceps Brachii Brachialis Brachioradialis Pronator Teres Pronator Quadratus Supinator Triceps Brachii Wrist Musculature Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus Extensor Carpi Ulnaris Flexor Carpi Radialis Flexor Carpi Ulnaris Palmaris Longus Extrinsic Hand Musculature Abductor Pollicis Longus Extensor Digitorum Extensor Digiti Minimi Extensor Indicis Extensor Pollicis Brevis Extensor Pollicis Longus Flexor Digitorum Profundus Flexor Digitorum Superficialis Flexor Pollicis Longus Intrinsic Hand Musculature Abductor Digiti Minimi Abductor Pollicis Brevis Adductor Pollicis Dorsal Interossei Flexor Digiti Minimi Flexor Pollicis Brevis Lumbricals Opponens Digiti Minimi Opponens Pollicis Palmaris Brevis Palmar Interossei Part G: Physiologic Cross-Sectional Areas of Selected Muscles of the Upper Extremity III Axial Skeleton Section III Axial Skeleton Section III Web-Based Educational Material Additional Clinical Connections Study Questions All Videos 9 Axial Skeleton Chapter at a Glance Osteology Components within the Axial Skeleton Cranium Temporal and Occipital Bones Vertebrae: Building Blocks of the Spine Ribs Sternum Vertebral Column as a Whole Normal Curvatures Within the Vertebral Column Line of Gravity Passing Through the Body Ligamentous Support of the Vertebral Column Regional Osteologic Features of the Vertebral Column Cervical Region Typical Cervical Vertebrae (C3 to C6) Atypical Cervical Vertebrae (C1, C2, and C7) Atlas (C1) Axis (C2) “Vertebra Prominens” (C7) Thoracic Region Typical Thoracic Vertebrae (T2 to T9) Atypical Thoracic Vertebrae (T1 and T10 to T12) Lumbar Region Sacrum Coccyx Arthrology Typical Intervertebral Junction Terminology Describing Movement Structure and Function of the Apophyseal Joints Structure and Function of the Interbody Joints Structural Considerations of the Lumbar Intervertebral Discs Vertebral Endplates Intervertebral Disc as a Hydrostatic Pressure Distributor In Vivo Pressure Measurements from the Nucleus Pulposus Diurnal Fluctuations in the Water Content within the Intervertebral Discs Regional Anatomy and Kinematics Across the Vertebral Column Introduction to Spinal Coupling Craniocervical Region Anatomy of Joints Atlanto-Occipital Joint Atlanto-Axial Joint Complex Tectorial Membrane and the Alar Ligaments Intracervical Apophyseal Joints (C2 to C7) Sagittal Plane Kinematics Osteokinematics of Flexion and Extension Arthrokinematics of Flexion and Extension Atlanto-Occipital Joint Atlanto-Axial Joint Complex Intracervical Articulations (C2 to C7) Osteokinematics of Protraction and Retraction Horizontal Plane Kinematics Osteokinematics of Axial Rotation Arthrokinematics of Axial Rotation Atlanto-Axial Joint Complex Intracervical Articulations (C2 to C7) Frontal Plane Kinematics Osteokinematics of Lateral Flexion Arthrokinematics of Lateral Flexion Atlanto-Occipital Joint Intracervical Articulations (C2 to C7) Spinal Coupling Between Lateral Flexion and Axial Rotation Thoracic Region Anatomy of Thoracic Articular Structures Kinematics Kinematics of Flexion and Extension Kinematics of Axial Rotation Kinematics of Lateral Flexion Lumbar Region Anatomy of the Articular Structures L1–L4 Region L5–S1 Junction Kinematics Sagittal Plane Kinematics: Flexion and Extension Flexion of the Lumbar Region Extension of the Lumbar Region Lumbopelvic Rhythm during Trunk Flexion and Extension Variations of Lumbopelvic Rhythms during Trunk Flexion from a Standing Position: A Kinematic Analysis. Lumbopelvic Rhythm during Trunk Extension from a Forward Bent Position: A Muscular Analysis. Effect of Pelvic Tilting on the Kinematics of the Lumbar Spine Kinesiologic Correlations between Anterior Pelvic Tilt and Increased Lumbar Lordosis. Kinesiologic Correlations between Posterior Pelvic Tilt and Decreased Lumbar Lordosis. Horizontal Plane Kinematics: Axial Rotation Frontal Plane Kinematics: Lateral Flexion Sitting Posture and Its Effect on Alignment within the Lumbar and Craniocervical Regions Summary of the Kinematics Within the Vertebral Column Sacroiliac Joints Anatomic Considerations Joint Structure Ligaments Innervation Thoracolumbar Fascia Kinematics Functional Considerations Stress Relief Stability during Load Transfer: Mechanics of Generating a Nutation Torque at the Sacroiliac Joints Stabilizing Effect of Gravity Stabilizing Effect of Ligaments and Muscles Synopsis Additional Clinical Connections References Additional Video Educational Content Study Questions 10 Axial Skeleton Chapter at a Glance Innervation of the Muscles and Joints Within the Trunk and Craniocervical Regions Ventral Ramus Innervation Plexus Individual Named Nerves Intercostal Nerves (T1 to T12) Recurrent Meningeal Nerves Dorsal Ramus Innervation Trunk and Craniocervical Regions Production of Internal Torque Special Considerations for the Study of Muscle Actions within the Axial Skeleton Muscles of the Trunk: Anatomy and Their Individual Actions Set 1: Muscles of the Posterior Trunk (“Back” Muscles) Muscles in the Superficial and Intermediate Layers of the Back Muscles in the Deep Layer of the Back Erector Spinae Group Spinalis Muscles. Longissimus Muscles. Iliocostalis Muscles. Summary. Transversospinal Muscles Semispinalis Muscles. Multifidi. Rotatores. Summary. Short Segmental Group of Muscles Summary. Set 2: Muscles of the Anterior-Lateral Trunk (“Abdominal” Muscles) Formation of the Rectus Sheaths and Linea Alba Anatomy of the Abdominal Muscles Actions of the Abdominal Muscles Comparing Trunk Flexor versus Trunk Extensor Peak Torque Set 3: Additional Muscles (Iliopsoas and Quadratus Lumborum) Iliopsoas Function of the Psoas Major at the Lumbosacral Region Quadratus Lumborum Muscles of the Trunk: Functional Interactions among Muscles Muscular-Based Stability of the Trunk Intrinsic Muscular Stabilizers of the Trunk Extrinsic Muscular Stabilizers of the Trunk Performing a Standard Sit-Up Movement Muscles of the Craniocervical Region: Anatomy and Their Individual Actions Set 1: Muscles of the Anterior-Lateral Craniocervical Region Sternocleidomastoid Scalenes Longus Colli and Longus Capitis Rectus Capitis Anterior and Rectus Capitis Lateralis Set 2: Muscles of the Posterior Craniocervical Region Splenius Cervicis and Capitis Suboccipital Muscles Muscles of the Craniocervical Region: Functional Interactions among Muscles That Cross the Craniocervical Region Stabilizing the Craniocervical Region Producing Extensive and Well-Coordinated Movements of the Head and Neck: Optimizing the Placement of the Eyes, Ears, and Nose Selected Biomechanical Issues of Lifting: A Focus on Reducing Back Injury Muscular Mechanics Associated with Extension of the Low Back during Lifting Estimating the Magnitude of Force Imposed on the Low Back During Lifting Ways to Reduce the Force Demands on the Back Muscles During Lifting Role of Increasing Intra-Abdominal Pressure During Lifting Additional Sources of Extension Torque Used for Lifting Passive Tension Generation from Stretching the Posterior Ligamentous System Muscular-Generated Tension Transferred through the Thoracolumbar Fascia Summary of Factors That Likely Contribute to Safe Lifting Synopsis Additional Clinical Connections References Additional Video Educational Content Study Questions 11 Kinesiology of Mastication and Ventilation Chapter at a Glance Part 1: Mastication Osteology and Teeth Regional Surface Anatomy Individual Bones Mandible Maxilla Temporal Bone Zygomatic Bone Sphenoid Bone Hyoid Bone Teeth Arthrology of the Temporomandibular Joint Osseous Structure Mandibular Condyle Mandibular Fossa Articular Disc Capsular and Ligamentous Structures Fibrous Capsule Lateral Ligament Accessory Ligaments Osteokinematics Protrusion and Retrusion Lateral Excursion Depression and Elevation Arthrokinematics Protrusion and Retrusion Lateral Excursion Depression and Elevation Muscle and Joint Interaction Innervation of the Muscles and Joints Muscular Anatomy and Function Primary Muscles of Mastication Masseter Temporalis Medial Pterygoid Lateral Pterygoid Secondary Muscles of Mastication Summary of Individual Muscle Action Muscular Control of Opening and Closing of the Mouth Opening the Mouth Closing the Mouth Temporomandibular Disorders Synopsis Part 2: Ventilation Arthrology Thorax Articulations within the Thorax Manubriosternal Joint Sternocostal Joints Interchondral Joints Costovertebral Joints Thoracic Intervertebral Joints Changes in Intrathoracic Volume during Ventilation Vertical Changes Anterior-Posterior and Medial-Lateral Changes Muscular Actions During Ventilation Muscles of Quiet Inspiration Diaphragm Muscle Scalene Muscles Intercostales Muscles Anatomy Function of the Intercostales Externi and Interni Muscles Muscles of Forced Inspiration Muscles of Forced Expiration Abdominal Muscles Transversus Thoracis and Intercostales Interni Synopsis Additional Clinical Connections References Additional Video Educational Content Study Questions Part 1: Mastication Part 2: Ventilation Appendix III Reference Materials for the Cauda Equina, and Attachments, Innervations, and Selected Moment Arms of Muscles of the Axial Skeleton Part A: Formation of the Cauda Equina Part B: Thoracic Dermatomes of the Trunk Part C: Attachments and Innervation of the Muscles of the Axial Skeleton Muscles of the Trunk Set 1: Muscles of the Posterior Trunk Erector Spinae Group (Iliocostalis, Longissimus, and Spinalis Muscles) Iliocostalis Lumborum Iliocostalis Thoracis Iliocostalis Cervicis Longissimus Thoracis Longissimus Cervicis Longissimus Capitis Spinalis Thoracis Spinalis Cervicis Spinalis Capitis (Blends with Semispinalis Capitis) Transversospinal Group (Multifidi, Rotatores, and Semispinalis Muscles) Multifidi Rotatores: Longus and Brevis Semispinalis Thoracis Semispinalis Cervicis Semispinalis Capitis Short Segmental Group (Interspinalis and Intertransversarius Muscles) Interspinalis Muscles Intertransversarius Muscles Set 2: Muscles of the Anterior-Lateral Trunk: “Abdominal” Muscles Obliquus Externus Abdominis Obliquus Internus Abdominis Rectus Abdominis Transversus Abdominis Muscles of the Craniocervical Region Set 1: Muscles of the Anterior-Lateral Craniocervical Region Longus Capitis Longus Colli Superior Oblique Portion Vertical Portion Inferior Oblique Portion Rectus Capitis Anterior Rectus Capitis Lateralis Scalenes Scalenus Anterior Scalenus Medius Scalenus Posterior Sternocleidomastoid Set 2: Muscles of the Posterior Craniocervical Region Splenius Capitis Splenius Cervicis Suboccipital Muscles Obliquus Capitis Inferior Obliquus Capitis Superior Rectus Capitis Posterior Major Rectus Capitis Posterior Minor Miscellaneous: Quadratus Lumborum Quadratus Lumborum Primary Muscles of Mastication Masseter: Combined Superficial and Deep Heads Temporalis Medial Pterygoid: Combined Superficial and Deep Heads Lateral Pterygoid (Superior Head) Lateral Pterygoid (Inferior Head) Suprahyoid Muscles Digastric: Posterior Belly Digastric: Anterior Belly Geniohyoid Mylohyoid Stylohyoid Infrahyoid Muscles Omohyoid Sternohyoid Sternothyroid Thyrohyoid Muscles Related Primarily to Ventilation Diaphragm Inferior Attachments Superior Attachment Intercostales Externi Intercostales Interni Intercostales Intimi Levatores Costarum (Longus and Brevis) Serratus Posterior Inferior Serratus Posterior Superior Transversus Thoracis Part D: Moment Arm Data for Selected Craniocervical Muscles IV Lower Extremity Section IV Lower Extremity Web-Based Educational Material Additional Clinical Connections Study Questions All Videos 12 Hip Chapter at a Glance Osteology Innominate Ilium Pubis Ischium Acetabulum Femur Shape of the Proximal Femur Angle of Inclination Femoral Torsion Internal Structure of the Proximal Femur Compact and Cancellous Bone Arthrology Functional Anatomy of the Hip Joint Femoral Head Acetabulum Acetabular Labrum Acetabular Alignment Center-Edge Angle Acetabular Anteversion Angle Capsule and Ligaments of the Hip Close-Packed Position of the Hip Osteokinematics Femoral-on-Pelvic Osteokinematics Rotation of the Femur in the Sagittal Plane Rotation of the Femur in the Frontal Plane Rotation of the Femur in the Horizontal Plane Pelvic-on-Femoral Osteokinematics Lumbopelvic Rhythm Pelvic Rotation in the Sagittal Plane: Anterior and Posterior Pelvic Tilting Pelvic Rotation in the Frontal Plane Pelvic Rotation in the Horizontal Plane Arthrokinematics Muscle and Joint Interaction Innervation of the Muscles and Joint Innervation of Muscles Lumbar Plexus Sacral Plexus Sensory Innervation of the Hip Muscular Function at the Hip Hip Flexor Muscles Anatomy and Individual Actions The Iliopsoas and Psoas Minor The Remaining Primary Hip Flexors Overall Function Pelvic-on-Femoral Hip Flexion: Anterior Pelvic Tilt Femoral-on-Pelvic Hip Flexion Hip Adductor Muscles Functional Anatomy Overall Function Frontal Plane Function Sagittal Plane Function Hip Internal Rotator Muscles Function Active Internal Rotation Torque Increases with Hip Flexion Biomechanics of the Adductor Muscles as Internal Rotators of the Hip Hip Extensor Muscles Anatomy and Individual Actions Overall Function Pelvic-on-Femoral Hip Extension Hip Extensors Performing a Posterior Pelvic Tilt. Hip Extensors Controlling a Forward Lean of the Body. Femoral-on-Pelvic Hip Extension Hip Abductor Muscles Anatomy and Individual Actions Hip Abductor Mechanism: Control of Frontal Plane Stability of the Pelvis during Walking Hip Abductor Mechanism: Dominant Role in the Production of Compression Force at the Hip Maximal Abduction Torque Varies According to Hip Joint Angle Hip External Rotator Muscles Functional Anatomy of the “Short External Rotators” Overall Function Maximal Torque Produced by the Hip Muscles Example of Hip Pathology and Selected Therapeutic and Surgical Interventions Osteoarthritis of the Hip Selected Therapeutic and Surgical Interventions for a Painful, Degenerated, or Mechanically Unstable Hip Using a Cane and Proper Methods for Carrying External Loads Total Hip Arthroplasty Biomechanical Consequences of Coxa Vara and Coxa Valga Synopsis Additional Clinical Connections References Additional Video Educational Content Study Questions 13 Knee Chapter at a Glance Osteology Distal Femur Proximal Tibia and Fibula Patella Arthrology General Anatomic and Alignment Considerations Capsule and Reinforcing Ligaments Synovial Membrane, Bursae, and Fat Pads Tibiofemoral Joint Menisci Anatomic Considerations Functional Considerations Common Mechanisms of Injury Osteokinematics at the Tibiofemoral Joint Flexion and Extension Internal and External (Axial) Rotation Arthrokinematics at the Tibiofemoral Joint Extension of the Knee “Screw-Home” Rotation of the Knee Flexion of the Knee Internal and External (Axial) Rotation of the Knee Medial and Lateral Collateral Ligaments Anatomic Considerations Functional Considerations Anterior and Posterior Cruciate Ligaments General Considerations Anterior Cruciate Ligament Anatomy and Function Common Mechanisms of Injury Posterior Cruciate Ligament Anatomy and With its focus on the normal and abnormal mechanical interactions between the muscles and joints of the body, Kinesiology of the Musculoskeletal System: Foundations for Rehabilitation, 3rd Edition provides a foundation for the practice of physical rehabilitation. This comprehensive, research-based core text presents kinesiology as it relates to physical rehabilitation in a clinically relevant and accessible manner. It provides students and clinicians with the language of human movement - and acts as a bridge between basic science and clinical management. Full-color anatomic and kinesiologic illustrations clearly demonstrate the anatomy, functional movement, and biomechanical principles underlying movement; and dynamic new video clips help you interpret new concepts with visual demonstration.More than 900 high-quality illustrations provide you with the visual accompaniments you need to comprehend the material. Clinical Connections boxes at the end of each chapter in Sections II through IV highlight or expand upon a particular clinical concept associated with the kinesiology covered in the chapter.Special Focus boxes interspersed throughout the text provide numerous clinical examples that demonstrate why kinesiologic information is needed.Critical thinking questions challenge you to review or reinforce the main concepts contained within each chapter.Evidence-based approach emphasizes the importance of research in physical therapy decision-making.Evolve site for students comes with video clips, answers to study questions, and references linked to Medline.Evolve site for instructors includes an image collection from the text, teaching tips, and lab activities.NEW! Kinesiology of Running chapter covers the biomechanics of running. NEW! Video clips help you interpret new concepts with visual demonstration.NEW! All-new content on the pelvic floor.NEW! Thoroughly updated references emphasize the evidence-based presentation of information in the text. NEW! QR codes linked to videos for easy viewing on mobile devices.NEW! Pageburst enhanced edition allows you to access multimedia content from the eBook without going to another website Front cover; Distinctive Features; Half title page; Evolve page; Kinesiology of the Musculoskeletal System_Reprint; Copyright page; Dedication; About the Author; About the Contributors; Reviewers; Preface; Background; Approach; Organization; Distinctive Features; Ancillary Materials; Acknowledgments; Table of Contents; I Essential Topics of Kinesiology; Additional Clinical Connections; Study Questions; 1 Getting Started; CHAPTER AT A GLANCE; WHAT IS KINESIOLOGY?; OVERALL PLAN OF THIS TEXTBOOK; KINEMATICS; Translation Compared with Rotation; Osteokinematics; PLANES OF MOTION; AXIS OF ROTATION