Kierkegaard's Relations to Hegel Reconsidered (Modern European Philosophy)

Jon Stewart's groundbreaking study is a major re-evaluation of the complex relationship between the philosophies of Kierkegaard and Hegel. Although the standard view on the subject is that Kierkegaard defined himself as explicitly anti-Hegelian (and viewed Hegel's philosophy with disdain), Jon Stewart demonstrates that Kierkegaard's criticism was not directed specifically to Hegel, but actually to some contemporary Danish Hegelians. Cover......Page 1 Half-title......Page 3 Series-title......Page 5 Title......Page 7 Copyright......Page 8 CONTENTS......Page 9 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS......Page 15 HEGEL’S WRITINGS......Page 17 KIERKEGAARD’S WRITINGS......Page 18 PREFACE......Page 21 INTRODUCTION......Page 25 I. THE STANDARD VIEW OF KIERKEGAARD’S RELATION TO HEGEL......Page 27 II. THULSTRUP’S FORMULATION OF THE STANDARD VIEW......Page 38 III. THE RECEPTION OF THE ISSUE AFTER THULSTRUP......Page 51 IV. THESIS AND METHODOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS......Page 56 I. RIGHT AND LEFT HEGELIANISM IN PRUSSIA AND THE GERMAN STATES......Page 69 II. THE DANISH HEGELIANS......Page 74 III. THE CRITICS OF HEGEL IN DENMARK......Page 94 2 TRACES OF HEGEL IN FROM THE PAPERS OF ONE STILL LIVING AND THE EARLY WORKS......Page 114 I. HEGEL’S ABSENCE IN “ANOTHER DEFENSE OF WOMAN’S GREAT ABILITIES”......Page 116 II. HEGEL AND KIERKEGAARD’S EARLY THEORY OF STAGES......Page 121 III. VON JUMPING-JACK IN THE BATTLE BETWEEN THE OLD AND THE NEW SOAP-CELLARS......Page 129 IV. HEIBERG’S PERSEUSAND FROM THE PAPERS OF ONE STILL LIVING......Page 139 3 THE IRONIC THESIS AND HEGEL’S PRESENCE IN THE CONCEPT OF IRONY......Page 156 I. THE IRONIC THESIS......Page 159 II. KIERKEGAARD’S OWN ASSESSMENT OF HIS HEGELIANISM......Page 165 III. THE STRUCTURE OF THE TEXT......Page 168 IV. HEGEL’S ACCOUNT OF THE DAIMON......Page 174 V. HEGEL’S ACCOUNT OF SOCRATES VIS- À-VIS THE OTHER GREEK SCHOOLS......Page 181 VI. HEGEL’S ACCOUNT OF SOCRATES AS THE FOUNDER OF MORALITY......Page 185 VII. HEGEL’S ACCOUNT OF IRONY AND THE IRONIC SUBJECT......Page 190 VIII. HEGEL’S CRITICISM OF ROMANTIC IRONY......Page 194 4 HEGEL’S AUFHEBUNG AND KIERKEGAARD’S EITHER/OR......Page 206 I. THE TITLE “EITHER/OR” AND ITS ORIGIN......Page 208 II. THE PROBLEM OF THE AUFHEBUNGOF THE LAW OF EXCLUDED MIDDLE......Page 219 III. THE WORK OF ART AND ITS DIALECTIC......Page 233 IV. TWO INTERPRETATIONS OF ANTIGONE......Page 242 V. THE AESTHETIC VALIDITY OF MARRIAGE: “LOVE’S DIALECTIC”......Page 249 5 KIERKEGAARD’S POLEMIC WITH MARTENSEN IN JOHANNES CLIMACUS, OR DE OMNIBUS DUBITANDUM EST......Page 262 I. THE ALLUSION TO MARTENSEN IN THE TITLE......Page 266 II. KIERKEGAARD’S DISCUSSION OF ABSOLUTE KNOWING......Page 273 III. THE INDIVIDUAL AND THE SUBJECTIVE BEGINNING OF PHILOSOPHY WITH DOUBT......Page 285 IV. KIERKEGAARD’S APPROPRIATION OF HEGEL ON “SENSE-CERTAINTY”......Page 292 6 KIERKEGAARD’S REPETITION AND HEGEL’S DIALECTICAL MEDIATION......Page 306 I. THE CONTRADICTION OF CONSCIOUSNESS IN DE OMNIBUS......Page 308 II. REPETITION AS AN ETHICAL CONCEPT......Page 312 III. REPETITION, MEDIATION, AND MOVEMENT IN LOGIC......Page 316 IV. REPETITION AS A RELIGIOUS CONCEPT......Page 321 7 HEGEL’S VIEW OF MORAL CONSCIENCE AND KIERKEGAARD’S INTERPRETATION OF ABRAHAM......Page 329 I. DESCARTES AND MARTENSEN IN THE PREFACE......Page 331 II. PROBLEMA I: THE MURDERER SAND AND KIERKEGAARD’S ABRAHAM......Page 334 III. PROBLEMA II: ABSOLUTE DUTY AND THE INNER AND THE OUTER......Page 347 IV. PROBLEMA III: THE PROBLEM OF COMMUNICATION AND JUSTIFICATION......Page 353 8 MARTENSEN’S DOCTRINE OF IMMANENCE AND KIERKEGAARD’S TRANSCENDENCE IN THE PHILOSOPHICAL FRAGMENTS......Page 360 I. THE PARADOX AND MEDIATION......Page 363 II. THE MODAL CATEGORIES......Page 379 III. NECESSITY IN HISTORY......Page 383 IV. THE ABSOLUTE METHOD......Page 392 9 THE DISPUTE WITH ADLER IN THE CONCEPT OF ANXIETY......Page 402 I. ACTUALITY AND THE SPHERES OF LOGIC AND EXISTENCE......Page 404 II. IMMEDIACY AND FAITH......Page 409 III. RECONCILIATION AND MEDIATION......Page 414 IV. MOVEMENT IN LOGIC......Page 420 V. QUANTITY, QUALITY, AND THE LEAP......Page 429 VI. INNOCENCE AND IMMEDIACY......Page 435 10 THE POLEMIC WITH HEIBERG IN PREFACES......Page 443 I. KIERKEGAARD’S RELATION TO HEIBERG IMMEDIATELY PRIOR TO PREFACES......Page 445 II. SYSTEMATIC PHILOSOPHY AND THE CONCEPTION OF PREFACES AS A WORK......Page 448 III. REFERENCES TO THE SYSTEM IN PREFACE I......Page 451 IV. THE REFERENCE TO THE SYSTEMATIC TENDENCY IN PREFACE VI......Page 455 V. HEGEL AND MEDIATION IN PREFACE VII......Page 461 VI. HEGEL AND HEGELIANS IN PREFACE VIII......Page 465 11 SUBJECTIVE AND OBJECTIVE THINKING: HEGEL IN THE CONCLUDING UNSCIENTIFIC POSTSCRIPT......Page 472 I. THE TRUE TARGETS OF THE POSTSCRIPT......Page 477 II. SPECULATIVE PHILOSOPHY AND ETERNAL HAPPINESS......Page 490 III. SPECULATIVE PHILOSOPHY AND THE PARADOX OF CHRISTIANITY......Page 494 IV. SPECULATIVE PHILOSOPHY’S CONCEPTUAL UNDERSTANDING OF CHRISTIANITY......Page 496 V. SPECULATIVE PHILOSOPHY AND FORGETTING ONESELF......Page 507 VI. THE CRITICISM OF THE PRESUPPOSITIONLESS BEGINNING......Page 512 VII. THE CRITICISM OF THE WORLD-HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE......Page 521 VIII. THE CRITICISM OF THE UNITY OF THOUGHT AND BEING......Page 526 IX. SPECULATIVE PHILOSOPHY AND THE LAW OF EXCLUDED MIDDLE......Page 534 X. THE ABSENCE OF AN ETHICS IN THE SYSTEM......Page 539 12 ADLER’S CONFUSIONS AND THE RESULTS OF HEGEL’S PHILOSOPHY......Page 548 I. KIERKEGAARD’S CONTACT WITH ADLER......Page 550 II. CHRISTIANITY AS A SUBLATED CONCEPT......Page 556 III. ADLER’S ATTEMPT TO EXPLAIN HIS REVELATION......Page 561 IV. ADLER AND THE ABSENCE OF AN ETHICS IN HEGEL......Page 567 13 KIERKEGAARD’S PHENOMENOLOGY OF DESPAIR IN THE SICKNESS UNTO DEATH......Page 574 I. SPECULATIVE THOUGHT’S MISTAKEN MORAL PSYCHOLOGY......Page 577 II. THE MISGUIDED ATTEMPT TO COMPREHEND SIN......Page 583 III. RATIONAL THEOLOGY OR THE PASTOR’S RATIONAL JUSTIFICATION OF FAITH......Page 588 IV. MARTENSEN AND THE GOD-MAN......Page 591 V. ANTI-CLIMACUS’ DIALECTIC AND PHENOMENOLOGY......Page 596 14 KIERKEGAARD AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF NINETEENTH-CENTURY CONTINENTAL PHILOSOPHY: CONCLUSIONS, REFLECTIONS, AND REEVALUATIONS......Page 620 I. THE RESULTS OF THE PRESENT STUDY: ATTEMPT AT AN OVERVIEW......Page 621 II. THE STANDARD PICTURE OF THE HISTORY OF NINETEENTH-CENTURY CONTINENTAL PHILOSOPHY......Page 642 III. THE CONSEQUENCES OF THE PRESENT STUDY FOR THE STANDARD PICTURE......Page 646 IV. KIERKEGAARD, HEGEL, AND THE NATURE OF NINETEENTH-CENTURY CONTINENTAL PHILOSOPHY......Page 656 RESUMÉ OVERSAT AF CHRISTIAN FINK TOLSTRUP......Page 677 ZUSAMMENFASSUNG ÜBERSETZT VON RICHARD PURKARTHOFER......Page 679 A. Books and Monographs......Page 683 B. Articles, Chapters, and Short Works......Page 684 A. Nineteenth-Century Sources to 1855......Page 690 B. Nineteenth-Century Sources from 1855–1900......Page 700 C. Historical Sources from 1900 to Present......Page 701 A. Books and Monographs......Page 705 B. Articles......Page 707 SUBJECT INDEX......Page 709 Cover 1 Half-title 3 Series-title 5 Title 7 Copyright 8 CONTENTS 9 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 15 ABBREVIATIONS OF PRIMARY TEXTS 17 HEGEL’S WRITINGS 17 KIERKEGAARD’S WRITINGS 18 PREFACE 21 INTRODUCTION 25 I. THE STANDARD VIEW OF KIERKEGAARD’S RELATION TO HEGEL 27 II. THULSTRUP’S FORMULATION OF THE STANDARD VIEW 38 III. THE RECEPTION OF THE ISSUE AFTER THULSTRUP 51 IV. THESIS AND METHODOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS 56 1 KIERKEGAARD AND DANISH HEGELIANISM 69 I. RIGHT AND LEFT HEGELIANISM IN PRUSSIA AND THE GERMAN STATES 69 II. THE DANISH HEGELIANS 74 III. THE CRITICS OF HEGEL IN DENMARK 94 2 TRACES OF HEGEL IN FROM THE PAPERS OF ONE STILL LIVING AND THE EARLY WORKS 114 I. HEGEL’S ABSENCE IN “ANOTHER DEFENSE OF WOMAN’S GREAT ABILITIES” 116 II. HEGEL AND KIERKEGAARD’S EARLY THEORY OF STAGES 121 III. VON JUMPING-JACK IN THE BATTLE BETWEEN THE OLD AND THE NEW SOAP-CELLARS 129 IV. HEIBERG’S PERSEUSAND FROM THE PAPERS OF ONE STILL LIVING 139 3 THE IRONIC THESIS AND HEGEL’S PRESENCE IN THE CONCEPT OF IRONY 156 I. THE IRONIC THESIS 159 II. KIERKEGAARD’S OWN ASSESSMENT OF HIS HEGELIANISM 165 III. THE STRUCTURE OF THE TEXT 168 IV. HEGEL’S ACCOUNT OF THE DAIMON 174 V. HEGEL’S ACCOUNT OF SOCRATES VIS- À-VIS THE OTHER GREEK SCHOOLS 181 VI. HEGEL’S ACCOUNT OF SOCRATES AS THE FOUNDER OF MORALITY 185 VII. HEGEL’S ACCOUNT OF IRONY AND THE IRONIC SUBJECT 190 VIII. HEGEL’S CRITICISM OF ROMANTIC IRONY 194 4 HEGEL’S AUFHEBUNG AND KIERKEGAARD’S EITHER/OR 206 I. THE TITLE “EITHER/OR” AND ITS ORIGIN 208 II. THE PROBLEM OF THE AUFHEBUNGOF THE LAW OF EXCLUDED MIDDLE 219 III. THE WORK OF ART AND ITS DIALECTIC 233 IV. TWO INTERPRETATIONS OF ANTIGONE 242 V. THE AESTHETIC VALIDITY OF MARRIAGE: “LOVE’S DIALECTIC” 249 5 KIERKEGAARD’S POLEMIC WITH MARTENSEN IN JOHANNES CLIMACUS, OR DE OMNIBUS DUBITANDUM EST 262 I. THE ALLUSION TO MARTENSEN IN THE TITLE 266 II. KIERKEGAARD’S DISCUSSION OF ABSOLUTE KNOWING 273 III. THE INDIVIDUAL AND THE SUBJECTIVE BEGINNING OF PHILOSOPHY WITH DOUBT 285 IV. KIERKEGAARD’S APPROPRIATION OF HEGEL ON “SENSE-CERTAINTY” 292 6 KIERKEGAARD’S REPETITION AND HEGEL’S DIALECTICAL MEDIATION 306 I. THE CONTRADICTION OF CONSCIOUSNESS IN DE OMNIBUS 308 II. REPETITION AS AN ETHICAL CONCEPT 312 III. REPETITION, MEDIATION, AND MOVEMENT IN LOGIC 316 IV. REPETITION AS A RELIGIOUS CONCEPT 321 7 HEGEL’S VIEW OF MORAL CONSCIENCE AND KIERKEGAARD’S INTERPRETATION OF ABRAHAM 329 I. DESCARTES AND MARTENSEN IN THE PREFACE 331 II. PROBLEMA I: THE MURDERER SAND AND KIERKEGAARD’S ABRAHAM 334 III. PROBLEMA II: ABSOLUTE DUTY AND THE INNER AND THE OUTER 347 IV. PROBLEMA III: THE PROBLEM OF COMMUNICATION AND JUSTIFICATION 353 8 MARTENSEN’S DOCTRINE OF IMMANENCE AND KIERKEGAARD’S TRANSCENDENCE IN THE PHILOSOPHICAL FRAGMENTS 360 I. THE PARADOX AND MEDIATION 363 II. THE MODAL CATEGORIES 379 III. NECESSITY IN HISTORY 383 IV. THE ABSOLUTE METHOD 392 9 THE DISPUTE WITH ADLER IN THE CONCEPT OF ANXIETY 402 I. ACTUALITY AND THE SPHERES OF LOGIC AND EXISTENCE 404 II. IMMEDIACY AND FAITH 409 III. RECONCILIATION AND MEDIATION 414 IV. MOVEMENT IN LOGIC 420 V. QUANTITY, QUALITY, AND THE LEAP 429 VI. INNOCENCE AND IMMEDIACY 435 10 THE POLEMIC WITH HEIBERG IN PREFACES 443 I. KIERKEGAARD’S RELATION TO HEIBERG IMMEDIATELY PRIOR TO PREFACES 445 II. SYSTEMATIC PHILOSOPHY AND THE CONCEPTION OF PREFACES AS A WORK 448 III. REFERENCES TO THE SYSTEM IN PREFACE I 451 IV. THE REFERENCE TO THE SYSTEMATIC TENDENCY IN PREFACE VI 455 V. HEGEL AND MEDIATION IN PREFACE VII 461 VI. HEGEL AND HEGELIANS IN PREFACE VIII 465 11 SUBJECTIVE AND OBJECTIVE THINKING: HEGEL IN THE CONCLUDING UNSCIENTIFIC POSTSCRIPT 472 I. THE TRUE TARGETS OF THE POSTSCRIPT 477 II. SPECULATIVE PHILOSOPHY AND ETERNAL HAPPINESS 490 III. SPECULATIVE PHILOSOPHY AND THE PARADOX OF CHRISTIANITY 494 IV. SPECULATIVE PHILOSOPHY’S CONCEPTUAL UNDERSTANDING OF CHRISTIANITY 496 V. SPECULATIVE PHILOSOPHY AND FORGETTING ONESELF 507 VI. THE CRITICISM OF THE PRESUPPOSITIONLESS BEGINNING 512 VII. THE CRITICISM OF THE WORLD-HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE 521 VIII. THE CRITICISM OF THE UNITY OF THOUGHT AND BEING 526 IX. SPECULATIVE PHILOSOPHY AND THE LAW OF EXCLUDED MIDDLE 534 X. THE ABSENCE OF AN ETHICS IN THE SYSTEM 539 12 ADLER’S CONFUSIONS AND THE RESULTS OF HEGEL’S PHILOSOPHY 548 I. KIERKEGAARD’S CONTACT WITH ADLER 550 II. CHRISTIANITY AS A SUBLATED CONCEPT 556 III. ADLER’S ATTEMPT TO EXPLAIN HIS REVELATION 561 IV. ADLER AND THE ABSENCE OF AN ETHICS IN HEGEL 567 13 KIERKEGAARD’S PHENOMENOLOGY OF DESPAIR IN THE SICKNESS UNTO DEATH 574 I. SPECULATIVE THOUGHT’S MISTAKEN MORAL PSYCHOLOGY 577 II. THE MISGUIDED ATTEMPT TO COMPREHEND SIN 583 III. RATIONAL THEOLOGY OR THE PASTOR’S RATIONAL JUSTIFICATION OF FAITH 588 IV. MARTENSEN AND THE GOD-MAN 591 V. ANTI-CLIMACUS’ DIALECTIC AND PHENOMENOLOGY 596 14 KIERKEGAARD AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF NINETEENTH-CENTURY CONTINENTAL PHILOSOPHY: CONCLUSIONS, REFLECTIONS, AND REEVALUATIONS 620 I. THE RESULTS OF THE PRESENT STUDY: ATTEMPT AT AN OVERVIEW 621 II. THE STANDARD PICTURE OF THE HISTORY OF NINETEENTH-CENTURY CONTINENTAL PHILOSOPHY 642 III. THE CONSEQUENCES OF THE PRESENT STUDY FOR THE STANDARD PICTURE 646 IV. KIERKEGAARD, HEGEL, AND THE NATURE OF NINETEENTH-CENTURY CONTINENTAL PHILOSOPHY 656 FOREIGN LANGUAGE SUMMARIES 677 RESUMÉ OVERSAT AF CHRISTIAN FINK TOLSTRUP 677 ZUSAMMENFASSUNG ÜBERSETZT VON RICHARD PURKARTHOFER 679 BIBLIOGRAPHIES 683 I. SECONDARY LITERATURE ON KIERKEGAARD’S RELATION TO HEGEL 683 A. Books and Monographs 683 B. Articles, Chapters, and Short Works 684 II. HISTORICAL SOURCES 690 A. Nineteenth-Century Sources to 1855 690 B. Nineteenth-Century Sources from 1855–1900 700 C. Historical Sources from 1900 to Present 701 III. KIERKEGAARD, GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY 705 A. Books and Monographs 705 B. Articles 707 SUBJECT INDEX 709 Jon Stewart's study is a major re-evaluation of the complex relations between the philosophies of Kierkegaard and Hegel. The standard view on the subject is that Kierkegaard defined himself as explicitly anti-Hegelian, indeed that he viewed Hegel's philosophy with disdain. Jon Stewart shows convincingly that Kierkegaard's criticism was not of Hegel but of a number of contemporary Danish Hegelians. Kierkegaard's own view of Hegel was in fact much more positive to the point where he was directly influenced by some of Hegel's work. Any scholar working in the tradition of Continental philosophy will find this an insightful and provocative book with implications for the subsequent history of philosophy in the twentieth century. The book will also appeal to scholars in religious studies and the history of ideas. "Jon Stewart's study is a major reevaluation of the complex relations between the philosophies of Kierkegaard and Hegel. Any scholar working in the tradition of Continental philosophy will find this an insightful and provocative book with implications for the subsequent history of philosophy in the twentieth century. The book will also appeal to scholars in religious studies and the history of ideas."--Jacket Jon Stewart's groundbreaking study is a major re-evaluation of the complex relations between the philosophies of Kierkegaard and Hegel. Scholars working in the tradition of Continental philosophy will find this an insightful and provocative book. It will also appeal to scholars in religious studies and the history of ideas Jon Stewart. Includes Bibliographical References (p. 659-684) And Indexes.