Kidney Diseases and Hypertension, Part II, An Issue of Primary Care Clinics in Office Practice (The Clinics: Internal Medicine) (Pt. 2)

Hypertension is a major cause of kidney disease and kidney failure (end-stage renal disease). Hypertension can cause damage to the blood vessels and filters in the kidney, making removal of waste from the body difficult. This issue contains articles with practical advice about managing end-stage renal disease, patients who have undergone kidney transplant, and patients with hypertension. Cover......Page 1 Preface......Page 2 When should a patient with CKD be referred to a nephrologist?......Page 5 Indications for renal replacement therapy......Page 7 Options for renal replacement therapy for ESRD......Page 8 Selection of renal replacement therapy mode......Page 9 Early identification of patients requiring AV access......Page 10 Hemodialysis basics......Page 12 Water transport and solute clearance......Page 13 Etiology of hypotension......Page 15 Management of intradialytic and post dialysis hypotension......Page 16 Steal syndrome......Page 17 Disequilibrium syndrome......Page 18 Infectious complications......Page 19 Role of water treatment in hemodialysis complications......Page 20 Fundamentals of peritoneal dialysis......Page 21 Automated continuous cycling peritoneal dialysis......Page 23 Objective criteria for rationing dialysis?......Page 25 Kidney transplantation......Page 26 Recent trends in kidney transplantation......Page 31 Role of the primary care physician......Page 32 Cardiovascular disease......Page 33 Diabetes mellitus......Page 34 Hypertension......Page 35 Hyperlipidemia......Page 36 Malignancy......Page 37 Bone disease......Page 38 Chronic allograft nephropathy......Page 39 Infectious diseases......Page 40 Immunosuppressants......Page 42 Other drug classes......Page 44 Drug/drug interactions......Page 45 References......Page 46 Management of Hypertension in the Outpatient Setting......Page 49 Initial workup for hypertension......Page 50 Home blood pressure monitoring......Page 51 Need for 24-hour coverage......Page 52 Need to lower blood pressure gradually......Page 53 Lifestyle modifications......Page 54 Group efficacy considerations......Page 55 Choice of drugs......Page 56 Pharmacologic principles and dosing effects......Page 57 Diuretics: first or second line......Page 58 Aldosterone receptor antagonists: second or third line......Page 59 Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors: first or second line......Page 60 Angiotensin receptor blockers: first or second line......Page 61 Calcium channel blockers: first or second line......Page 63 beta-Blockers: second or third line......Page 64 Central alpha-agonists: third or fourth line......Page 65 Step-down therapy......Page 66 References......Page 67 Definitions......Page 72 Epidemiology......Page 73 Physical examination......Page 74 Goals of treatment......Page 75 Pharmacotherapy......Page 77 Neurologic hypertensive emergencies......Page 80 Adrenergic crises......Page 81 Pitfalls in office management of very elevated blood pressure......Page 82 References......Page 83 Definition and approach......Page 85 Clinical clues for secondary causes......Page 87 Diagnostic evaluation......Page 89 Role of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring......Page 93 Summary......Page 94 References......Page 95 Resistant Hypertension......Page 97 Causes of resistant hypertension......Page 99 Pseudoresistance......Page 100 Drug-related causes......Page 101 Aldosterone and resistant hypertension......Page 102 Management of refractory hypertension......Page 103 Assessment......Page 104 Drug treatment of resistant hypertension......Page 105 Summary......Page 106 References......Page 107 The Trend Toward Geriatric Nephrology......Page 110 Historical perspective......Page 111 Dialysis......Page 112 Medical therapy in kidney disease......Page 113 Aging and the kidney......Page 114 Acute renal failure......Page 116 Chronic kidney disease......Page 117 Dialysis and transplantation......Page 119 References......Page 122 Normal sleep patterns and behavior in childhood......Page 126 Variables affecting sleep patterns and behaviors in children......Page 127 Impact of sleep problems......Page 129 Classification systems for pediatric sleep disorders......Page 131 Epidemiology of sleep in general pediatric populations......Page 132 Epidemiology of sleep in special populations......Page 134 References......Page 137 Impacts and costs of infant crying and sleeping problems......Page 140 Distinguishing infant crying from sleep-waking behaviors and infant from parental problems......Page 141 Infant colic and the infant crying peaks......Page 142 Infant sleeping and sleeping problems......Page 146 Crying, sleeping, and other problems in infants over three months of age......Page 149 Implications for professionals: helping parents to manage infant crying and sleeping......Page 150 References......Page 155 Bedtime problems......Page 161 Nighttime fears......Page 162 Assessment......Page 163 Behavioral treatments for bedtime problems and night wakings......Page 164 Graduated extinction......Page 165 Positive routines and faded bedtime......Page 166 Parent education and prevention......Page 167 Nighttime fears interventions......Page 168 Developmental disorders......Page 169 Summary......Page 170 References......Page 171