Kidney Disease and Nutrition - ECAB (May 28, 2013)_(9788131227633)_(Elsevier India).pdf

Kidney Disease and Nutrition (2011) 1-157. 978-81-312-2763-3 Front Cover Title page Copyright ECAB Clinical Update:Nephrology Kidney Disease and Nutrition About the Authors Contents ECAB Clinical Update InformationKidney Disease and Nut Nutritional Requirements in Health Abstract Keywords Introduction Classes of Nutrients Carbohydrates Proteins Fats Vitamins Minerals Water Recommended Dietary Allowances (Rda) Conclusion Dietary Modifications in Diabetic Nephropathy Abstract Keywords Introduction Effects of Low Protein Diet Effects of Strict Glycemic Control Effects of Salt Restriction Effects of Weight Reduction Benefits of Low Potassium Diet Conclusion Nutritional Management of Hypertension and Hypertensive Nephropathy Abstract Keywords Introduction Published Data Treatment of Mild Hypertension Study Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension Trial Low Sodium Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension Trial Link Between Salt Intake And Hypertension Sodium Intake and Hypertension Chloride Intake and Hypertension Effect of Pre-existing Blood Pressure Salt-sensitivity Benefits of Dietary Salt Restriction Blood Pressure Control Response to Antihypertensive Medications Other Miscellaneous Benefits Effects of Other Dietary Interventions On Blood Pressure Potassium Fish Oil Calcium Vegetarian or High Fiber Diet Protein Intake Weight Reducing Diet Conclusion Dietary Modifications in Renal Stone Disease Abstract Keywords Introduction Need For Dietary Modification Role of Metabolic Evaluation Modifiable Dietary Risk Factors Fluid Intake Dietary Calcium Oxalate Intake Other Useful Dietary Modifications Salt Intake Dietary Potassium Citrus Fruits/Juices/Other Beverages Protein Restriction Calorific Restriction and Role of Obesity Conclusion Nutritional Management in Nephrotic Syndrome ABSTRACT KEYWORDS Introduction Dietary Management Fluid Restriction Sodium Restriction Calorie Intake Protein Intake Dietary Fats Vitamin and Mineral Supplements Special Considerations Food Allergy Steroid Resistant Nephrotic Syndrome Congenital Nephrotic Syndrome Conclusion Nutritional Therapy in Acute Kidney Injury ABSTRACT: KEYWORDS Introduction Nutritional Status in Acute Kidney Injury Metabolic Alterations in Acute Kidney Injury Energy Metabolism and Estimation of Requirements Protein Catabolism Carbohydrate Metabolism Lipid Metabolism in Acute Kidney Injury Goals of Nutritional Support in Acute Kidney Injury Nutritional Assessment in Acute Kidney Injury Nutrient Requirements in Acute Kidney Injury Macronutrients Micronutrients Effects of Nutritional Support on Patient Outcome in Acute Kidney Injury Route of Fee Ding in Acute Kidney Injury Complications of Nutritional Support Conclusion Nutritional Management in Chronic Kidney Disease Abstract Keywords Introduction Dietary Modification for Hypertension and Volume Overload Dietary Modification for Hyperkalemia Dietary Modification to Minimize Azotemia, Acidosis, Hyperkalemia, and Hyperphosphatemia Dietary Modification to Prevent Malnutrition Assessing Dietary Adequacy and Compliance Dietary Interviews and Diaries Urea Nitrogen Appearance for Assessment of Protein Intake Anthropometry Biochemical Parameters Subjective Global Assessment Conclusion Nutritional Management of a Hemodialysis Patient Abstract Keywords Introduction Etiology of Malnutrition Metabolic Acidosis Loss of Amino-acids, Proteins, Glucose, and Vitamins in Dialysate Catabolic Effect of Hemodialysis Procedure Inflammation Nutritional Requirements for Patients on Hemodialysis Nutritional Assessment of a Patient on Hemodialysis Treatment of Malnutrition in Hemodialysis Patients Enteral Nutrition Intradialytic Parenteral Nutrition Use of Anabolic Agents in Hemodialysis Patients and Impact on Nutrition Status Conclusion Nutritional Management of a Peritoneal Dialysis Patient Abstract Keywords Introduction Impact of Malnutrition in Peritoneal Dialysis Patients Global Perspective Indian Scenario Assessment of Nutritional Status in Peritoneal Dialysis Patients Subjective Global Assessment Serum Albumin and Pre-albumin Serum Transferrin Protein Equivalent of Total Nitrogen Appearance Anthropometry and Hand Grip Strength Dual-energy X-ray Absorptiometry Bio-impedance Analysis Creatinine Kinetics Nutritional Intervention Strategies Daily Dietary Intake Correction of Metabolic Acidosis Dose of Dialysis and Role of Amino Acid Based Peritoneal Dialysis Fluids Appetite Stimulants Anti-inflammatory Diet Conclusion Nutrition in the Kidney Transplant Recipients Abstract Keywords Introduction Pre-Transplantation Nutrition Management Nutrient Requirements in First 4-6 Weeks After Transplantation (Table 2) Protein Calories Carbohydrates Fat Sodium Potassium Phosphorus Magnesium Fluid Intake Vitamins Trace Minerals Nutrient Requirements in the Late Phase After Renal Transplantation (Table 2) Proteins and Calories Fat and Carbohydrate Sodium Potassium Calcium, Phosphorus and Vitamin D Vitamins Alcohol Special Case Scenarios Nutrient Recommendation for the Pregnant Transplant Recipient Nutrient Recommendation for Chronic Allograft Nephropathy Other Metabolic Problems After Kidney Transplantation and Their Dietary Implications Obesity Dyslipidemia New Onset Diabetes Mellitus Bone Disease Food Borne Infections Conclusion Optimal nutrition is essential for maintaining the structural and functional integrity of all the organs and systems in the body. This is especially relevant in disease and dysfunctional states when the functioning of organ systems is compromised. This clinical update handbook aims to discuss and debate the impact of nutrition, describe methods for assessment of nutritional status and recommend the diet modifications helpful in managing various types of kidney diseases and dysfunctions. The first chapter of this book describes the various components of a healthy diet when there is no kidney disease or dysfunction. The chapter 2, 3, 4, and 5 provide a brief but relevant review of the dietary modifications and restrictions recommended in diabetic nephropathy, hypertensive nephropathy, renal stone disease, and nephrotic syndrome respectively. The two subsequent chapters 6 and 7 speak of the nutritional modifications indicated in management of acute injury of kidney and chronic kidney disease. The 8 and 9 chapters describe the dietary modifications that are compatible with the two types of dialysis, hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis. The final chapter of the book describes the dietary recommendations and restrictions applicable before and after kidney transplantation. This book will help the readers understand the intricacies of the aspects mentioned above and guide the practitioner to diagnose and manage the nutritional aspect of various kidney diseases with special reference to practical experience in India. The authors have put together the most relevant facts about the disease for an easy comprehension and understanding of primary glomerular diseases by practitioners and students across the specialty.