Kidney and Blood Pressure Regulation [Bibliography and Price Not Definite]. Vol. 143

Chronic kidney disease is one of the world's major public health problems, and the prevalence of kidney failure is rising steadily. Among the risk factors for a faster progression of renal disease are hypertension and proteinuria, many studies clearly demonstrating that hypertension is both a cause and consequence of chronic kidney disease. Namely, renal blood pressure regulation seems to be involved in five major pathophysiological mechanisms (all closely related to the renin-angiotensin system): Pressure-natriuresis, renal sympathetic nervous system, renal blood flow, intraglomerular pressure and tubulogiomerular feedback. This book reviews experimental data which form the basis of our current understanding of the association between hypertension and kidney diseases: The pathogenesis of increased blood pressure, the mechanisms by which systemic hypertension promotes progressive kidney failure, and the impact of antihypertensive agents on experimental renal mechanisms involved in hypertension. Furthermore, the role of angiotensin II receptor blockers in both the control of systemic blood pressure and the reduction of proteinuria is examined in an attempt to define optimal therapeutic strategies to prevent the otherwise inexorable deterioration of renal function in patients with chronic kidney disease. Contents......Page 6 Preface......Page 8 An Overview of Blood Pressure Regulation Associated with the Kidney......Page 10 Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats (SHR)......Page 14 Renovascular Hypertension......Page 18 Neurogenic Hypertension......Page 19 Studies in Heart Failure......Page 20 References......Page 21 Salt Sensitivity of Blood Pressure and Renal Sodium Excretion......Page 25 Guyton’s Renal Function Curve......Page 26 Possible Mechanism(s) for the Impaired Renal Function of Sodium Excretion in Salt-Sensitive Hypertensives......Page 28 Involvement of the Increased Renal Sympathetic Activity in Salt-Sensitive Patients......Page 29 Potassium Supplementation in Salt-Sensitive Hypertension......Page 33 Renal Damage in Salt-Sensitive Hypertension......Page 34 Insulin Resistance and Salt-Sensitive Hypertension......Page 36 References......Page 38 Network of the Sympathetic Nervous System and Baroreflex......Page 41 Roles of Renal Sympathetic Nerve in Kidney Function......Page 43 Role of the Renal Sympathetic Nerve in the Maintenance of Sodium Balance......Page 45 Renal Structural Changes by Enhanced RSNA......Page 47 Ang II Receptor Blocker Reduces RSNA......Page 48 High Linearity and Low Nonlinearity of Neural Regulation in Hypertension......Page 50 Central Neuronal Mechanisms by Which Ang II Activates the Peripheral SNS......Page 51 References......Page 52 Blood Pressure Regulation and Renal Microcirculation......Page 55 In vitro and in vivo Observations of the Renal Microcirculation......Page 56 Voltage-Dependent Calcium Channels in Renal Microcirculation......Page 58 Cortical Autoregulation......Page 59 Medullary Autoregulation......Page 60 Myogenic Response......Page 62 Tubuloglomerular Feedback......Page 64 References......Page 67 Role of Renal Eicosanoids in the Control of Intraglomerular and Systemic Blood Pressure during Development of Hypertension......Page 74 PGC and Clinical Pictures......Page 75 Mechanisms that Control the Glomerular Hemodynamics......Page 77 Salt-Resistant Hypertension......Page 78 Salt-Sensitive Hypertension......Page 80 Conclusion......Page 82 References......Page 83 ACE and ACE2......Page 86 Renal Actions of Angiotensin-(1–7)......Page 89 Signaling Mechanisms and Receptors......Page 93 References......Page 95 Role of Aldosterone Blockade in the Management of Hypertension and Cardiovascular Disease......Page 99 Nongenomic Effects of Aldosterone......Page 100 Role of Aldosterone in Mediating Progressive Renal Disease......Page 101 Heart Failure: RALES and EPHESUS Clinical Trials......Page 103 Hypertension......Page 104 Aldosterone Blockade Mitigates Renal Disease: Clinical Studies......Page 108 Are SABs Preferable to Non-SABs?......Page 109 References......Page 110 Renin-Angiotensin System (RAS)......Page 114 ARBs......Page 116 Renal Benefits of ACE Inhibitors and ARBs......Page 117 Dosing......Page 118 Safety......Page 119 Recommendations......Page 121 References......Page 122 Angiotensinogen......Page 126 Angiotensin II Receptors......Page 127 Effects of Angiotensin II on Juxtaglomerular Apparatus......Page 128 Renal Hemodynamic Regulation by Intrarenal Angiotensin II......Page 130 Renal Interstitial Function of Angiotensin II......Page 131 Angiotensinogen......Page 133 References......Page 135 Kidney and Blood Pressure Regulation......Page 140 Epidemiology of Diabetes mellitus and Diabetic Nephropathy in the USA......Page 141 Diabetic Nephropathy: Factors Affecting Progression and Pharmacological Intervention......Page 143 Proteinuria as a Surrogate for Later Renal Events, and Management of Early Diabetic Kidney Disease......Page 147 Proteinuria, RAAS Blockade, and the Risk of Cardiovascular Disease in Diabetics......Page 149 Dual Blockade (ACEinhs and ARBs) of the RAAS in Kidney Disease......Page 151 References......Page 152 Characteristics of Patients with Hypertension in Japan......Page 154 Antihypertensive Treatment for Patients with Renal Dysfunction in Japan......Page 155 Antihypertensive Treatment for Dialysis Patients in Japan......Page 157 Antihypertensive Treatment for Elderly Patients in Japan......Page 158 Organ Protection by Blood Pressure Control......Page 160 Morning Blood Pressure Control......Page 161 Combination of Antihypertensive Agents......Page 162 References......Page 164 Angiotensin Type 1 Receptor Blockers in Chronic Kidney Disease......Page 168 Non-Diabetic Nephropathy......Page 170 Diabetic Nephropathy......Page 171 Are There Any Significant Differences Among ARBs? (Personal View)......Page 172 References......Page 174 Author Index......Page 176 A......Page 177 E......Page 178 N......Page 179 S......Page 180 V......Page 181 Annotation Chronic kidney disease is one of the worlds major public health problems, and the prevalence of kidney failure is rising steadily. Among the risk factors for a faster progression of renal disease are hypertension and proteinuria, many studies clearly demonstrating that hypertension is both a cause and consequence of chronic kidney disease. Namely, renal blood pressure regulation seems to be involved in five major pathophysiological mechanisms (all closely related to the renin-angiotensin system): Pressure-natriuresis, renal sympathetic nervous system, renal blood flow, intraglomerular pressure and tubuloglomerular feedback. This book reviews experimental data which form the basis of our current understanding of the association between hypertension and kidney diseases: The pathogenesis of increased blood pressure, the mechanisms by which systemic hypertension promotes progressive kidney failure, and the impact of antihypertensive agents on experimental renal mechanisms involved in hypertension. Furthermore, the role of angiotensin II receptor blockers in both the control of systemic blood pressure and the reduction of proteinuria is examined in an attempt to define optimal therapeutic strategies to prevent the otherwise inexorable deterioration of renal function in patients with chronic kidney disease Chronic kidney disease is one of the world's major public health problems, and the prevalence of kidney failure is rising steadily. In this book, many studies clearly demonstrats that hypertension is both a cause and consequence of chronic kidney disease.