Key Technologies of Internet of Things and Smart Grid (Advanced and Intelligent Manufacturing in China)

This book focuses on the key technology applied Internet of things and smart grid, which include some novel ICT technologies such as big data, edge computing, 5G, and wide area wireless communication technology. The mutual penetration, deep integration, and wide application of smart grid and IoT effectively integrate communication infrastructure resources and power system infrastructure resources, further realize energy conservation and emission reduction, improve the level of grid informatization, automation, and interaction, and improve grid operation capacity and quality of service. These key technologies are presented and studied in detail, which help readers deeply understand those key technologies to apply IoT and grid. The book benefits researchers, engineers, and graduate students in the fields of IoT and energy systems, etc. Preface 6 Brief Introduction 11 Contents 13 1 Introduction 18 1.1 Basic Concepts of the Internet of Things 18 1.1.1 The Vision and Definition of IoT 18 1.1.2 Main Features of IoT and the Service-Oriented Vision of IoT Functions 20 1.1.3 The Opportunity of IoT 22 1.2 The Architecture, Elements and Standards of IoT 23 1.2.1 IoT Architecture 23 1.3 The Element of IoT 26 1.4 IoT Common Standards 29 1.5 Key Technologies of the IoT 33 1.5.1 Application Domain, Middleware Domain, Network Domain and Object Domain Technologies 33 1.5.2 Interoperability and Integration Technologies 35 1.6 Availability and Reliability Technology 38 1.6.1 Data Storage, Processing and Visualization Technology 39 1.6.2 Scalability Technology 40 1.6.3 Management and Self-configuration Technology 41 1.6.4 Modeling and Simulation 43 1.7 Uniqueness of Identification 44 1.8 Security and Privacy 44 1.9 The Application and Development of the Internet of Things in China 46 1.9.1 Main Areas of IoT in China 46 1.9.2 Development of IoT in China 47 1.10 Internet of Things and Smart Grid 50 1.10.1 Basic Concepts of Smart Grid 51 1.10.2 IoT in Smart Grid 52 1.11 Key Technologies of IoT in Smart Grid 55 1.11.1 IoT Architecture Layers Based on Smart Grid 56 1.11.2 Key Technologies of IoT in Smart Grid 57 1.12 Emergence of Smart Grid and Policy Promotion 59 1.12.1 Emergence of Smart Grid 59 1.12.2 Policy Promotion for Smart Grid in Major Countries 60 1.13 Challenges for the Smart Grid 63 1.13.1 Information and Communication 64 1.13.2 Perception, Measurement, Control 66 1.13.3 Power Electronics and Power Storage 69 1.14 Summary 73 References 74 2 The Infrastructure of Smart Grid 83 2.1 The Composition of Power System 83 2.1.1 Power System Structure 83 2.1.2 Power Generation and Grid Structure 85 2.2 Power Automation System 87 2.2.1 The Goals, New Technologies and Contents of Power Automation 87 2.2.2 Integrated Automation of Substation 91 2.2.3 Power Dispatch Automation System 96 2.2.4 Distribution Automation System 100 2.2.5 Automatic Meter Reading and Billing 102 2.3 Application of Innovative ICT in Power System 103 2.3.1 State Estimation Architecture Based on Cloud and Edge Computing [4] 105 2.3.2 Big Data Analysis in Smart Grid 114 2.4 Summary 127 References 128 3 Sensing Technology 130 3.1 Smart Sensor 130 3.1.1 Composition of Smart Sensors 131 3.1.2 Software System of Smart Sensor 134 3.1.3 MEMS 138 3.2 Wireless Biochemical Sensor 139 3.2.1 Wireless Electrochemical Sensors 141 3.2.2 Wireless Electrical Sensors 141 3.2.3 Wireless Optical Sensors 145 3.2.4 Wireless Sensor Using Other Transduction Mechanisms 150 3.2.5 Challenges and Key Technologies of Wireless Chemical (Bio) Sensors 151 3.3 Smart Meter 153 3.3.1 The Development and Basic Composition of Smart Meter 153 3.3.2 Constituent Modules of Smart Meter 156 3.3.3 The Impact of Harmonics on Smart Meter and the Security and Privacy of Smart Meter 159 3.4 RFID and Wireless Sensor Network 161 3.4.1 RFID 162 3.4.2 Wireless Sensor Network 166 3.4.3 IEEE 802.15.4 Standard and ZigBee Protocol Specification 168 3.4.4 Integration of RFID and WSN 170 3.5 NB-IoT and LoRa Technology 174 3.5.1 NB-IoT 174 3.5.2 LoRa 192 3.6 Positioning Technology 204 3.6.1 Introduction and Algorithm of Positioning Technology Based on Wireless Signal 205 3.6.2 Indoor Positioning Technology Based on WLAN Channel State Information 207 3.6.3 The Positioning Technology of 5G 213 3.7 Summary 217 References 219 4 The Communication and Security Technology of IoT 226 4.1 The Requirements for Communication and Security in IoT 227 4.1.1 Composition of IoT Communication System 227 4.1.2 Requirements for Communication and Security 228 4.2 Wireless Network Technology and Its Classification 230 4.2.1 PHY (Physical Layer) Technology 230 4.2.2 MAC Technology 234 4.2.3 Network Layer Technology 242 4.3 Wireless Communication Standards of IoT 244 4.3.1 Ultra-Short Distance Communication Standard 244 4.3.2 Standards for Short Range and Low Data Rate 244 4.3.3 Short-Range Wi-Fi Standard 246 4.3.4 Low-Power Wide Area Networks (LPWAN) 248 4.3.5 Cellular Mobile Communication Standards 249 4.4 Some Communication Protocol for IoT 251 4.4.1 Application Protocols 251 4.4.2 Service Discovery Protocol 259 4.4.3 Infrastructure Protocol 260 4.4.4 Other 264 4.5 Security of IoT Architecture 265 4.5.1 Typical Commercial IoT Architecture 266 4.5.2 Security Functions of the Typical Commercial IoT Architecture 275 4.6 5G and IoT 284 4.6.1 Capabilities and Requirements of 5G IoT 285 4.6.2 Key Enabling Technologies of 5G IoT 286 4.6.3 Technical Challenges and Development Trends of 5G-IoT 289 4.7 Communication Technology of Smart Grid 293 4.7.1 Communication System Structure of Smart Grid 293 4.7.2 Wired Communication Technology of Smart Grid 294 4.7.3 Wireless Communication Technology 296 4.8 Security Issues of Smart Grid 297 4.8.1 Smart Grid Security Challenges, Objectives and Some Related Works 297 4.8.2 Sources and Countermeasures of Threats to Smart Grid Security 299 4.8.3 Framework of Reference for Clearing Threats to Smart Grid Security 303 4.9 Summary 303 References 305 5 Big Data in Smart Grid and Edge Computing of the IoT 315 5.1 Smart Grid and Big Data 315 5.1.1 Big Data Sources of Smart Grid and the Benefits of Big Data Analysis 316 5.1.2 Big Data Application in Smart Grid 318 5.2 Big Data Analysis Technology for Smart Grid 322 5.2.1 Big Data Analysis Platform 322 5.2.2 Big Data Analysis of Power and Its Key Technologies 324 5.3 Edge/Fog Computing in IoT 327 5.3.1 Basic Concepts 328 5.3.2 The Architecture of FEC (Fog/Edge Computing) 331 5.3.3 Services Provided by Fog/Edge Computing 335 5.4 Protocol and Enabling Technology in Fog/Edge Computing of IoT 337 5.4.1 Technical Protocols in Fog/Edge Computing of IoT Domain 339 5.4.2 Simulation Technology in FECIoT Domain 344 5.4.3 Security and Privacy 348 5.5 Summary 351 References 352 6 AMI and DR, the Enabling Technologies for Information Processing in the Smart Grid 359 6.1 AMI 360 6.1.1 Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) and Smart Grid 360 6.1.2 Subsystems of AMI 362 6.1.3 Security of AMIs 365 6.1.4 The Standards and Protocols Related AIM 370 6.2 Demand Response (DR) 371 6.2.1 Basic Concepts and Benefits of DR 371 6.2.2 User Classification and User Model in DR 374 6.2.3 Demand Response Plan 377 6.2.4 Enabling Smart Technology for Demand Response 380 6.3 Enabling Technology of Information Processing in Smart Grid 383 6.3.1 Problems and Challenges Faced by Information Processing Technology in Smart Grid 383 6.3.2 The Optimization Model for Smart Grid 384 6.3.3 Overview of Online Voltage Control 386 6.3.4 Overview of Online Security Analysis 387 6.3.5 Wide-Area Monitoring Protection and Control System (WAMPAC) 388 6.3.6 Power Market Forecast 389 6.3.7 Adaptive Wind Power Forecasting 390 6.4 Summary 391 References 392 7 Renewable Energy and Microgrid 397 7.1 Development Trend of Renewable Energy in China 398 7.1.1 Renewable Energy and Emission Reduction in China 398 7.1.2 Hydropower Generation 399 7.1.3 Wind Power 400 7.1.4 Solar Energy 401 7.1.5 Bioenergy 401 7.1.6 Other Renewable Energy Sources 402 7.1.7 Prospects for China's Renewable Energy Development 402 7.2 Integration of Smart Grid and Microgrid 403 7.2.1 Microgrid and Hybrid AC/DC Microgrid 404 7.2.2 Components and Models of Hybrid AC/DC 405 7.3 Optimal Operation of Microgrid 412 7.3.1 Optimal Operation Model of Microgrid 412 7.3.2 Overview of Microgrid Optimal Operation Model Solution 418 7.4 Summary 419 Appendix 420 References 423