Kent and Riegel's Handbook of Industrial Chemistry and Biotechnology in 2 Vol.

Substantially revising and updating the information from the widely-used previous editions, this book offers a valuable overview of current chemical processes, products, and practices. No other source offers as much data on the chemistry, engineering, economics, and infrastructure of the industry. In addition to thoroughly revised material on chemical economics, safety, statistical control methods, and waste management, chapters on industrial cell culture and industrial fermentation expand the treatment of biochemical engineering. Sectors covered include: plastics, rubber, adhesives, textiles, pharmaceuticals, soap, coal, dyes, chlor-alkali, pigments, chemical explosives, petrochemicals, natural and industrial gas, synthetic nitrogen products, fats, sulfur, phosphorus, wood, and sweeteners. Comprehensive and easy to use, the tenth edition of Riegel's Handbook of Industrial Chemistry is an essential working tool for chemical and process engineers, chemists, plant and safety managers, and regulatory agency personnel. Cover Page......Page 1 Title Page......Page 3 ISBN 0387278427......Page 4 Preface......Page 6 Table of Contents......Page 9 I. OVERCAPACITIES AND THE SEARCH FOR REMEDIES......Page 11 THE RESTRUCTURING OF SECTORS IN DISTRESS......Page 12 THE NATIONALIZATION OF FRANCE'S CHEMICAL INDUSTRY......Page 16 RESTRUCTURING IN ITALY AND SPAIN......Page 18 THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL INDUSTRY CAUGHT OFF BALANCE......Page 19 COPING WITH SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS......Page 22 Process Improvement......Page 23 Product Development......Page 24 THE CRAZE FOR BIOTECHNOLOGY......Page 26 THE FINE CHEMICALS APPROACH......Page 29 THE ATTRACTION OF SPECIALTY CHEMICALS......Page 30 THE PAINT INDUSTRY......Page 32 SURFACE-ACTIVE AGENTS......Page 33 FLAVORS, FRAGRANCES, AND BEAUTY PRODUCTS......Page 35 THE CHEMISTRY OF ADDITIVES......Page 38 Additives for Plastics......Page 39 Rubber Additives......Page 40 Additives for Lubricants......Page 41 Food Additives......Page 43 PHOTOCHEMICALS......Page 44 THE ALLIANCE OF CHEMICALS AND ELECTRONICS......Page 46 CATALYSTS......Page 47 RETROSPECT AND PROSPECT......Page 48 THE CHEMICAL INDUSTRY UNDER PRESSURE FROM PUBLIC OPINION AND REGULATORY AUTHORITIES......Page 50 THE STATUS OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY......Page 52 THE NEW LANDSCAPE......Page 53 THE TRIALS AND TRIBULATIONS OF THE PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY......Page 54 THE RESHUFFLING OF CHEMICAL ASSETS......Page 55 THE IMPOSSIBLE MARRIAGE OF PHARMACEUTICALS WITH AGROCHEMICALS......Page 56 THE FATE OF THE DYESTUFFS SECTOR......Page 57 CONSOLIDATION IN THE FIELD OF SPECIALTY CHEMICALS......Page 58 THE CASE OF FINE CHEMICALS......Page 63 THE FURTHER CONCENTRATION OF THE INDUSTRIAL GAS BUSINESS......Page 64 THE CHANGING TIES BETWEEN THE OIL AND CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES......Page 65 THE ROLE OF ENTREPRENEURS AND PRIVATE EaUITY FUNDS......Page 67 THE EVERLASTING PRESENCE OF CONTRARIANS......Page 68 THE CHEMICAL INDUSTRY AT THE BEGINNING OF THE THIRD MILLENNIUM......Page 71 DEFINITION OF THE CHEMICAL INDUSTRY......Page 73 THE PLACE OF THE CHEMICAL INDUSTRY IN THE ECONOMY......Page 75 Commercial Development and Competition Factors......Page 80 Technological Orientation......Page 82 Historical......Page 83 Obsolescence and Dependence on Research......Page 84 THE FUTURE......Page 88 REFERENCES......Page 91 INTRODUCTION......Page 93 Review of Design Alternatives......Page 94 Storage of Hazardous Mate rials......Page 95 Use of Open Struct ures......Page 96 Need to Understand Reactive Chemicals Systems......Page 97 Losses from Dust Explosions......Page 98 Substitution of Less Hazardous Materials......Page 99 Redundant Instrumentation and Control Systems13......Page 100 Pressure Relief Systems......Page 101 Piping, Gaskets, and Valves......Page 102 Avoidance of Inherently Unsafe Equipment......Page 103 Pumps for Hazardous Service......Page 104 TECHNICAL MANAGEMENT OF CHEMICAL PROCESS SAFETY......Page 105 PROCESS SAFETY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS......Page 107 Some Tools for Evaluating Risks and Hazards......Page 108 Operating Discipline......Page 109 Introduction......Page 110 Fire26......Page 111 Flammability......Page 113 Inert Gases......Page 115 Mists and Foams......Page 117 Ignition......Page 118 Introduction......Page 122 Hazard Determinants......Page 123 Deve lopment of Pressure......Page 127 Detonations......Page 128 Explosion Violence......Page 129 BOILING LIQUID EXPANDING VAPOR EXPLOSIONS (BLEVES)......Page 131 Unconfined Vapor Cloud Explosions (UVCE)......Page 132 Physical Explosions......Page 134 MECHANICAL HEAT......Page 136 VACUUM49......Page 137 Process Safety Management......Page 138 Risk Management Plans (RMPs)......Page 144 THE PRINCIPAL REASON FOR MOST CHEMICAL PROCESS ACCIDENTS......Page 145 Flixborough, England 19742......Page 146 Bhopal, 1985 (C&EN Feb. 11, 1985;Technica 198954)......Page 147 Phillips Explosion, 198957......Page 148 REFERENCES......Page 152 ADDITIONAL READING REFERENCES......Page 154 Internet References and WEB pages......Page 155 Prevention, Prediction, and Preparation......Page 157 Need for Emergency Preparedness Programs......Page 158 PREVENTING AND PREDICTING EMERGENCIES: GETIING STARTED......Page 159 HAZARD IDENTIFICATION AND MITIGATION......Page 161 Review Methods......Page 162 Mitigating Hazards: Release Detection and Mitigation......Page 163 Personnel......Page 165 Plans......Page 166 Alarm Systems......Page 168 Facilities for Protectionand Communication......Page 169 DEVELOPING AN ERP......Page 170 EMO Structure......Page 171 Fire Brigade Training......Page 174 Employee Training......Page 175 Communications......Page 176 Local Emergency Plans......Page 178 Drills and Crit iques......Page 179 Laws......Page 180 Communications......Page 181 Reports......Page 182 SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 184 Prevention and Planning......Page 185 Laws and Regulations......Page 186 Transportation......Page 187 INTRODUCTION......Page 188 SIMPLE TOOLS OF DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS......Page 189 TOOLS OF ROUTINE INDUSTRIAL PROCESS MONITORING AND CAPABILITY ASSESSMENT......Page 195 STATISTICAL METHODS AND INDUSTRIAL EXPERIMENTATION......Page 201 Identifying Major Contributors to Process Variation......Page 202 Discovering and Exploiting Patterns of Factor Influence on Responses......Page 205 Mixture Experiments......Page 211 Mechanistic Model Building......Page 216 MODERN BUSINESS PROCESS IMPROVEMENT AND THE DISCIPLINE OF STATISTICS......Page 217 REFERENCES......Page 218 OVERVIEW......Page 220 I. INTRODUCTION TO GREEN CHEMISTRY AND GREEN ENGINEERING......Page 221 TWELVE PRINCIPLES OF GREEN CHEMISTRY*......Page 224 PRINCIPLES OF GREEN ENGINEERING......Page 226 INTRODUCTION......Page 227 HIERARCHICAL RULES FOR WASTE MINIMIZATION......Page 228 Input-Output Structure......Page 229 Recycle Structure of the Flowsheet......Page 230 Separation Systems......Page 231 Energy Systems......Page 232 HEURISTICS FOR GREEN REACTOR DESIGN......Page 233 Distillation Columns......Page 234 Liquid-Solid Separations......Page 235 Modeling the Environment......Page 236 Translocation Processes in Air......Page 237 Translocation Processes in Water......Page 239 Translocation Processes Involving Biota......Page 240 TRANSFORMATION OF CHEMICALS IN THE ENVIRONMENT......Page 241 Biotic Transformation Processes......Page 242 Abiotic Transformation Processes......Page 243 Traditional Chemical Properties......Page 246 Specialized Chemical Properties......Page 247 Sources of Chemical Property and Fate Data......Page 248 OVERVIEW OF ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES......Page 249 Early Process Design Evaluations: "Tier I" Assessment......Page 253 Detailed Evaluation of Process Flowsheets: "Tier III" Assessment......Page 255 Hybrid Screening Evaluations: Combining "Tier I"-"Tier III"-Life Cycle Assessment......Page 259 CONCLUSIONS......Page 262 INTRODUCTION......Page 264 GOAL AND SCOPE OF LCA......Page 266 METHODS OF LIFE-CYCLE INVENTORY......Page 267 LCA IN PRACTICE......Page 269 REFERENCES......Page 274 2.3 Understanding and Prediction of the Environmental Fate of Chemicals......Page 279 2.4 Life-Cycle Assessment......Page 280 THE IMPORTANCE OF CATALYSIS......Page 281 THE STRUCTURE OF HETEROGENEOUS CATALYSTS......Page 283 Rate-Limiting Steps for a Supported Catalyst......Page 284 Selectivity......Page 288 Catalyst Preparation......Page 289 ACTIVE CATALYTIC SITES......Page 290 Kinetics......Page 291 Catalyst Deactivation......Page 294 CATALYST CHARACTERIZATION......Page 296 Petroleum Processing......Page 297 Oxidation Catalysts to Abate Unburned Hydrocarbon and CO Emissions......Page 301 Three-Way Catalytic Conversion......Page 302 Modern Catalytic Converter Systems......Page 304 Triglycerides......Page 305 General Reactions......Page 306 Hydrogen Generation for the Production of NH3......Page 307 Nitric Acid Synthesis......Page 309 Pure Hydrogen Generation with Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA) Purification......Page 310 Butyraldehyde......Page 311 Polypropylene......Page 312 REFERENCES......Page 313 SIGNIFICANCE OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMICAL DETERMINATIONS......Page 315 Samples and Sampling Strategies......Page 316 Determination of Total Elements or Total Related Substances.......Page 317 Determination of Specific Substances......Page 318 Remote Laboratory Analyses and Field Analyses......Page 320 Discrete Samples and Continuous Monitoring......Page 321 Research Methods......Page 322 Methods Published or Referenced in Government Agency Regulations......Page 323 Semivolatile Analytes......Page 324 Condensed-Phase Samples......Page 326 Vapor-Phase Samples......Page 328 PROCESSING OF SAMPLES BEFORE DETERMINATION OF THE ANALVTES......Page 330 Chromatographic Separation Techniques......Page 331 Chromatography Detectors......Page 333 Elemental Analysis......Page 334 GLOSSARY......Page 336 SUGGESTED ADDITIONAL READING......Page 337 INTRODUCTION......Page 338 A NEW REALM OF MATTER......Page 339 SOLVATED METAL ATOM DISPERSION (SMAD) METHOD FOR THE PREPARATION OF NANOPARTICLES......Page 340 Gold Nanoparticles......Page 342 Silver Nanoparticles......Page 344 Semiconductor Nanoparticles......Page 345 Dielectrics (Insulator Nanoparticlesl......Page 346 MODIFIED AEROGEL PROCEDURE (MAP)......Page 347 Metal Oxide Nanoparticles......Page 348 MIXED METAL OXIDE NANOPARTICLES......Page 349 Destructive Adsorption of Chemical Warfare ICW) Agents......Page 351 Medicine......Page 352 REFERENCES......Page 353 10 Synthetic Organic Chemicals......Page 355 Synthesis Gas......Page 356 Chloromethanes......Page 362 Hydrogen Cyanide......Page 363 Polyethylene......Page 364 Ethylene Oxide......Page 365 Chlorinated Ethanes and Ethylenes......Page 369 Ethylbenzene......Page 374 Acetaldehyde, Acetic Acid, Acetic Anhydride, Vinyl Acetate......Page 376 Other Ethylene Uses......Page 381 Polypropylene......Page 383 Propylene Oxide......Page 384 Isopropyl Alcohol......Page 385 Oxo Chemicals......Page 388 Acrylic Acid and Esters......Page 389 Glycerin......Page 390 CHEMICALS DERIVED FROM BUTANES AND BUTYLENES......Page 391 n-Butane Derivatives......Page 392 Isobutanes......Page 395 Butylenes......Page 397 Isobutylene......Page 398 Isoprene......Page 400 Chemicals from Benzene......Page 401 Derivatives of Toluene......Page 408 Chemicals from Xylene......Page 409 REFERENCES......Page 412 INTRODUCTION......Page 414 MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY......Page 415 Research Strategies......Page 417 Pharmacokinetics and Toxicity......Page 418 Patents......Page 419 Clinical Trials......Page 420 Hypertension......Page 421 Congestive Heart Failure, Migraine, and Thrombolytic Agents......Page 422 Hyperlipidemia......Page 423 Diabetes......Page 424 Antisecretory......Page 425 Erectile Dysfunction......Page 426 Arthritis......Page 427 Anxiolytics......Page 428 Alzheimer's Disease......Page 429 Antibacterials......Page 430 Antivirals......Page 431 ANTINEOPLASTICS......Page 432 Glaucoma and Nausea......Page 433 SMALL MOLECULE HIGH THROUGHPUT SYNTHESIS......Page 434 Targeted Libraries......Page 435 Optimization Libraries......Page 436 CHEMICAL PROCESS R&D IN THE PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY......Page 437 Scheme-2......Page 439 REFERENCES......Page 440 TEXTILE BACKGROUND......Page 441 HISTORY......Page 443 FIBER CONSUMPTION......Page 444 Chemical Manufacture......Page 448 Wet Spinning......Page 451 Textile Operations......Page 454 Modified Viscose Rayon Fibers......Page 456 Environmentally Friendly High Wet Strength Rayon-Lyocell......Page 457 Manufacture of Cellulose Secondary Acetate......Page 458 Manufacture of Cellulose Triacetate......Page 460 Spinning Cellulose Acetate......Page 461 Manufacture......Page 464 Melt spinning......Page 466 Drawing......Page 467 Other Nylons, Modifications, and New Developments......Page 468 Historical......Page 469 Manufacture......Page 470 Drawing......Page 471 Heat Setting......Page 472 Textured Yarns......Page 473 Continuous Filament Yarn Process Variants......Page 474 Modifications and New Developments......Page 475 Polymer Manufacture......Page 476 Spinning......Page 478 Bicomponent or Conjugate Spun Fibers......Page 479 Vinyls......Page 480 Modacrylics......Page 481 ELASTOMERIC FIBERS......Page 482 Polypropylene......Page 483 High Molecular Weight......Page 487 Introduction......Page 490 Manufacture......Page 491 Meta-Aramid......Page 493 Historical......Page 494 Properties......Page 495 Glass......Page 496 Carbon and Graphite Fibers......Page 498 Historical......Page 499 MICRODENIER FIBERS......Page 500 NANOFIBERS......Page 501 Physical Variants......Page 502 Chemical Varia nt s......Page 504 REFERENCES......Page 506 SUGGESTED READING......Page 507 Dyeing......Page 509 Synthetic Dyes......Page 510 The Development of the U.S. Dyestuff Industry......Page 511 Natural Fibers......Page 513 Regenerated Fibers......Page 514 Synthetic Fibers......Page 515 DYE CLASSIFICATION......Page 516 Acid Dyes......Page 517 Basic or Cationic Dyes......Page 519 Direct Dyes......Page 521 Disperse Dyes......Page 526 Reactive Dyes......Page 529 Sulfur Dyes......Page 530 Vat Dyes......Page 534 Dye-Bath Preparation......Page 537 Finishing......Page 538 PRINTING......Page 539 Ink-jet Dyes......Page 541 Thermal and Pressure-Sensitive Printing......Page 543 Organic Photoconductors and Toners......Page 544 Laser Dyes......Page 545 Hair Dyes......Page 546 DYE INTERMEDIATES......Page 548 Nitration......Page 549 Reduction......Page 551 Amination......Page 553 Sulfonation......Page 554 Halogenation......Page 557 Hydroxylation......Page 559 Other Important Reactions......Page 561 DYE MANUFACTURE......Page 562 Ala DYES......Page 564 Monoazo Dyes......Page 568 Disazo Dyes......Page 569 Polyazo Dyes......Page 573 TRIPHENYLMETHANE DYES......Page 575 XANTHENE DYES......Page 576 Anthraquinone Disperse Dyes......Page 577 Anthraquinone Acid Dyes......Page 581 Anthraquinone Reactive Dyes......Page 583 Anthraquinone......Page 585 INDIGOID AND THIOINDIGOID......Page 588 SULFUR DYES......Page 589 PHTHALOCYANINE DYES......Page 592 FLUORESCENT BRIGHTENERS(COLORLESS "DYES")......Page 593 PRODUCTION AND SALES......Page 596 REFERENCES......Page 599 Adhesion......Page 601 Curing......Page 602 Adhesion Mechanisms......Page 604 Surfaces......Page 605 Introduction......Page 606 Commercial Epoxy Resins......Page 607 Epoxy Cure Chemistry......Page 611 Introduction......Page 616 Isocyanate Reactions......Page 617 Important Isocyanates......Page 619 Evolution......Page 621 Summary......Page 622 Acrylic Monomers......Page 623 Curing......Page 624 Formulation......Page 626 HYBRID ADHESIVES......Page 628 CONCLUSION......Page 629 REFERENCES......Page 630 History......Page 633 Markets for Plastics......Page 634 MOLECULAR WEIGHT......Page 635 CHEMICAL STRUCTURE......Page 636 MORPHOLOGY......Page 637 Glass Transition Temperature (Tg)......Page 638 Crystallization and Melting Points (TM)......Page 639 Step-Reaction Polymerization......Page 640 Chain-Reaction Polymerization......Page 641 Coordination Polymerization......Page 643 Suspension Polymerization......Page 645 COPOLYMERIZATION......Page 646 Block and Graft Copolymers......Page 647 Viscoelasticity......Page 648 Failure Behavior......Page 650 Commodity Thermoplastics......Page 651 Engineering and Specialty Thermoplastics......Page 657 Thermoplastic Elastomers......Page 663 Thermoset Plastics......Page 665 Structure-Property Relationships......Page 672 Additives......Page 673 Critical Properties: Challenges to the Plastics Industry......Page 674 Recycling......Page 676 Fundamental Concepts......Page 677 Practical Effects of Flow Properties......Page 678 EXTRUSION......Page 679 Basic Functions......Page 680 Major Processes and Products......Page 681 Injection Molding Cycle (Fig. 15.291......Page 682 Variations and Details......Page 683 Ingredients......Page 684 Definition......Page 685 Polyurethane......Page 686 Polyvinyl Chloride......Page 687 Blow Molding......Page 688 ROTATIONAL MOLDING("ROTOMOLDlNG")......Page 689 Electrostatic Spray......Page 690 VINYL PLASTISOL PROCESSING......Page 691 LIQUID CASTING PROCESSES......Page 692 COMPRESSION MOLDING AND TRANSFER MOLDING......Page 693 Matched Die Molding Processes......Page 694 Open Molding......Page 695 REFERENCES FOR PART I......Page 696 REFERENCES FOR PART II......Page 697 REFERENCES FOR PART III......Page 698 INTRODUCTION......Page 699 RUBBER CONCEPTS......Page 700 Macrostructure......Page 701 Microstructure......Page 702 Elasticity-The Retractive Force......Page 703 Crystallinity......Page 704 Compounding......Page 705 NATURAL RUBBER......Page 706 Uses......Page 707 Polymer Production Process......Page 708 Monomer Production......Page 709 Emulsion Process......Page 710 Solution Process......Page 712 Functional Solution SBR......Page 713 Polymer Production Process......Page 714 Uses......Page 715 Polymer Production......Page 716 Production Process......Page 717 HYDROGENATED NITRILE RUBBER......Page 718 Properties and Uses......Page 719 Uses......Page 720 MODIFIED POLYETHYLENE RUBBERS......Page 721 Block Copolymers......Page 722 lonomers......Page 723 Uses......Page 724 FLUOROCARBON ELASTOMERS......Page 725 REFERENCES......Page 726 Scope of the Chapter......Page 729 ROLE OF THE AGROCHEMICAL INDUSTRY......Page 730 Government Regulation......Page 749 Classes of Agrochemicals......Page 751 PRODUCTS OF THE AGROCHEMICAL INDUSTRY......Page 770 Organophosphorous Agrochemicals......Page 784 Organochlorine......Page 785 Chloracetanilides......Page 788 Aryloxyphenoxypropionic Acids (Cereal Herbicides)......Page 790 ROLE OF CHIRALITY......Page 793 Case Study-Chemistry and Manufacture of Metolachlor......Page 796 Usage of Agrochemicals......Page 797 BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR FARM PRODUCTIVITY......Page 798 Regulatory Scene Regarding Products of Biotechnology......Page 807 Biorational Approach to Chemical Synthesis......Page 809 REFERENCES......Page 810 Hydrocarbon Forms......Page 811 From Well to Refinery......Page 812 PRODUCT......Page 816 Product Specifications......Page 817 Petrochemicals......Page 819 REFINING SCHEMES......Page 820 Feedstock Identification......Page 821 Crude Oil Fractions......Page 822 GASOLINE......Page 823 Sulfur Content......Page 825 Octane Number......Page 826 DISTILLATES......Page 827 PRODUCING MORE LIGHT PRODUCTS......Page 828 Vacuum Distillation......Page 829 Petrochemicals......Page 830 Crude Desalting......Page 832 Crude Distillation......Page 833 Hydrotreating......Page 834 Catalytic Reforming......Page 836 Catalytic Cracking......Page 839 Coking......Page 841 Hydrocracking......Page 842 Alkylation......Page 844 Ether Processes......Page 846 FUTURE TRENDS......Page 848 Technology Options......Page 849 REFERENCES......Page 852 INTRODUCTION......Page 853 ORIGIN AND CLASSIFICATION OF COAL......Page 854 Coal Structure......Page 857 Coal Composition and Analyses......Page 860 Underground Mining......Page 863 Coal Preparation......Page 864 Fine-Coal Cleaning......Page 866 Environmental Concerns Related to Coal Use......Page 868 Combustion Equipment......Page 869 Boiler Types......Page 873 Pollution Controls......Page 874 Advances in Combustion Technology......Page 876 Nonrecovery Cokemaking......Page 877 Byproduct Coke Production......Page 878 Direct Coal Utilization in the Steel Industry......Page 879 GASIFICATION......Page 880 Chemistry of Coal Gasification......Page 881 Types of Coal Gasifiers......Page 883 Gasification for Power Generation......Page 886 Descriptions of Selected Gasification Processes......Page 888 Factors Affecting Coal Pyrolysis......Page 895 Utilization and Characterization of Pyrolysis Products......Page 897 Direct Coal Liquefaction......Page 898 Direct Coal Liquefaction Processes......Page 899 Indirect Coal Liquefaction......Page 904 PETROCHEMICAL FEEDSTOCKS......Page 910 Chemicals from Coal*......Page 911 Examples of Chemicals Production from Coal......Page 913 REFERENCES......Page 914 CHARACTERISTICS......Page 917 OCCURRENCE OF NATURAL GAS......Page 919 U.S. MARKETED PRODUCTION4-6......Page 921 NATURAL GAS LIQUIDS......Page 924 STRUCTURE OF THE U.S. NATURAL GAS INDUSTRY......Page 925 GAS-TO-L1QUIDS TECHNOLOGY......Page 927 PREPARING NATURAL GAS FOR TRANSMISSION AND SALE......Page 929 PROCESSING FOR L1aUIDS RECOVERY......Page 932 A NEW POTENTIAL SOURCE FOR NATURAL GAS......Page 934 Indirect Conversion via Syngas......Page 935 Oxidative Coupling to Higher Hydrocarbons......Page 936 Pyrolysis or Cracking......Page 938 Methane Reductive Nitrilization......Page 939 Natural Gas from Biological Origins......Page 940 Natural Gas Release from Lower Crust and Mantle Domains......Page 941 SUMMARY FOR METHANE AND NATURAL GAS FUTURE SOURCING......Page 942 REFERENCES......Page 943 INTRODUCTION......Page 945 STATUS AND OUTLOOK......Page 947 NUCLEAR SAFETY......Page 952 THE EARTH'S ENERGY SUPPLY AND USE......Page 955 Radioactive Decay......Page 958 Fission......Page 959 Fusion......Page 961 Fission Products......Page 963 Neutron Transmutation Products......Page 965 Uses......Page 966 REACTOR MATERIALS PROCESSING......Page 967 Isotope Enrichment......Page 968 Zirconium Production......Page 969 THE URANIUM FUEL CYCLE......Page 971 Fuel Preparation......Page 972 Spent Fuel Reprocessing......Page 979 RADIOACTIVE WASTE MANAGEMENT......Page 985 Airborne Waste Treatment......Page 987 Solid Waste Treatment......Page 988 Storage of Spent Fuel......Page 989 TRANSPORTATION OF NUCLEAR MATERIALS......Page 990 THE NUCLEAR REACTOR......Page 991 Light Water Reactors......Page 993 CANDU Heavy Water Reactor......Page 997 Other Nuclear Reactors......Page 998 RADIATION PROCESSING......Page 999 Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generators......Page 1000 Nuclear Medicine......Page 1001 REFERENCES......Page 1003 Characteristics......Page 1006 Nitrogen Oxides......Page 1007 Ammonia......Page 1008 NITROGEN CONSUMPTION......Page 1009 ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES......Page 1011 AMMONIA PRODUCTION......Page 1012 HYDROGEN PRODUCTION......Page 1013 Manufacturing Processes......Page 1015 Prereformer......Page 1017 Reformer Materials of Construction......Page 1018 Other Reforming Processes......Page 1019 Reliability and Revamps......Page 1020 Small-Scale Reforming......Page 1021 Technology Suppliers......Page 1022 Partial Oxidation Processes......Page 1023 Technology Suppliers......Page 1024 Initial Purification of Synthesis Gas......Page 1027 Giammarco-Vetrocoke Process......Page 1031 Retrofits of CO2 Removal System......Page 1032 Final Purification of Synthesis Gas......Page 1033 Reaction Rate......Page 1034 Catalysts......Page 1036 Ammonia Separation......Page 1038 Chemical Production and Other Uses......Page 1041 Ammonia Toxicity......Page 1042 Distribution and Storage......Page 1043 Physical Properties......Page 1044 Processes......Page 1046 AMMONIUM NITRATE......Page 1055 Processes......Page 1056 Production......Page 1057 UREA......Page 1058 Processes......Page 1059 Storage and Distribution......Page 1061 Processes......Page 1062 ALIPHATIC AMINES......Page 1063 Methylamines......Page 1065 Other Alkyl Amines......Page 1067 Ethanolamine Process......Page 1068 Ethylenediamine Production......Page 1070 Hexamine Processes......Page 1071 Processes......Page 1072 HYDROGEN CYANIDE......Page 1074 Safety......Page 1076 Manufacture......Page 1077 Production......Page 1081 Uses......Page 1082 Processes......Page 1083 OTHER COMPOUNDS......Page 1084 REFERENCES......Page 1087 PHOSPHATE ROCK......Page 1096 Minerals......Page 1097 Mining......Page 1098 Beneficiation......Page 1099 Production and Value......Page 1103 Industrial Phosphates......Page 1104 Wet Process Phosphoric Acid......Page 1106 Dihydrate Process......Page 1107 Major Dihydrate Processes......Page 1108 Hemihydrate Processes for Phosphoric Acid......Page 1112 Unit Operations......Page 1114 Superphosphoric Acid......Page 1115 Phosphogypsum......Page 1116 Purified Phosphoric Acid......Page 1117 REFERENCES......Page 1119 INTRODUCTION......Page 1121 OVERVIEW OF THE FERTILIZER INDUSTRY......Page 1124 RAW MATERIALS FOR FERTILIZER PRODUCTION......Page 1127 NITROGEN FERTILIZERS......Page 1128 Nitrogen Fertilizers from Synthetic Ammonia......Page 1129 Miscellaneous Low-Volume Nitrogen Fertilizers......Page 1133 Natural Organic Phosphate Fertilizers......Page 1134 Fertilizers from Mineral Phosphates......Page 1135 Miscellaneous Low-Volume Phosphate Fertilizers......Page 1142 POTASSIUM SALTS......Page 1144 Potassium Sulfate......Page 1146 Potassium Phosphates......Page 1147 COMPOUND FERTILIZERS......Page 1148 Compound Granulars......Page 1149 Bulk Blends......Page 1153 Fluid Mixtures......Page 1155 Controlled-Release Fertilizers......Page 1159 Physical Quality of Fertilizers......Page 1163 REFERENCES......Page 1164 SULFUR......Page 1167 Transportation and Storage......Page 1168 Solidification and Melting......Page 1169 Development of the Sulfur Industry......Page 1171 Sulfur Production Processes......Page 1172 Recovered Sulfur......Page 1173 Production and Consumption of Sulfur......Page 1175 SULFURIC ACID......Page 1178 Development of the Sulfuric Acid Industry......Page 1179 Sulfur Dioxide Production......Page 1182 Oxidation of SO2......Page 1186 Other Modifications to the Sulfuric Process36......Page 1187 Production and Consumption of Sulfuric Acid......Page 1189 REFERENCES......Page 1191 SODIUM CHLORIDE**......Page 1193 SODA ASH......Page 1195 SODIUM SULFATE......Page 1199 SODIUM THIOSULFATE......Page 1202 SODIUM HYPOSULFITE (HYDROSULFITE)......Page 1203 SODIUM SILICATE......Page 1204 CHLOR-ALKALI (CHLORINE AND CAUSTIC SODA)......Page 1206 BROMINE AND BRINE CHEMICALS*......Page 1218 BLEACHES......Page 1221 REFERENCES......Page 1223 OVERVIEW......Page 1225 OXYGEN......Page 1231 HYDROGEN......Page 1232 CARBON DIOXIDE......Page 1237 LIQUEFIED NATURAL GAS......Page 1239 ACETYLENE......Page 1240 NITROUS OXIDE......Page 1242 REFERENCES......Page 1243 INTRODUCTION......Page 1244 WOOD STRUCTURE......Page 1245 CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND FIBER STRUCTURE......Page 1248 PULP AND PAPER......Page 1250 Wood Preparation......Page 1254 Chemical Pulping......Page 1255 Biomechanical Pulping......Page 1262 Bleaching of Wood Pulp......Page 1263 Biotechnology-Biopulping and Biobleaching......Page 1264 Stock Preparation......Page 1265 Papermaking Process......Page 1266 Environmental Protection......Page 1270 Lumber......Page 1271 Particleboard and Oriented Strandboard (OSB)......Page 1272 Modified Wood and Wood Composites......Page 1274 Preservative Chemicals......Page 1278 Preservation Process......Page 1279 Preservative Retention......Page 1280 Nonconventional Wood Preservation......Page 1281 Fire-Retardant Formulations......Page 1282 CONVERSION OF WOOD TO ENERGY, FUELS, AND CHEMICALS......Page 1283 Direct Combustion......Page 1284 Saccharification-Fermentation......Page 1285 Thermal Decomposition......Page 1289 Thermochemical Liquefaction......Page 1294 NAVAL STORES......Page 1295 Gum Naval Stores......Page 1296 Sulfate Naval Stores......Page 1297 Uses of Naval Stores Products......Page 1298 Furfural......Page 1299 Biotechnology Chemicals......Page 1300 REFERENCES......Page 1301 SELECTED REFERENCES......Page 1302 INTRODUCTION......Page 1304 VOC REGULATIONS......Page 1306 Midwest......Page 1307 TECHNICAL TRENDS IN COATINGS......Page 1308 Electron Beam (EBI and Ultraviolet (UV) Curable Coatings......Page 1310 Current Automotive Coating Trends......Page 1311 Coatings for Plastics......Page 1312 PRINTING INKS......Page 1313 Inorganic Pigments......Page 1315 Organic Pigments......Page 1317 Pearlescent Pigments......Page 1318 LACQUERS......Page 1319 REFERENCES......Page 1320 INTRODUCTION......Page 1321 Microbial Diversity......Page 1322 Screening and Selection......Page 1324 Cell Engineering......Page 1325 Molecular Engineering......Page 1327 Strain......Page 1328 Sterilization......Page 1329 Microbial Kinetics......Page 1330 Ideal Types of Fermentors......Page 1331 Scale-Up/Down and Control......Page 1334 Instrumentation and Control......Page 1336 RECOVERY OF FERMENTATION PRODUCTS......Page 1337 Separation of Proteins and Peptides......Page 1340 Fermentor Harvest and Primary Recovery......Page 1341 Formulation......Page 1345 Separation of Small Molecules and Metabolites......Page 1350 Organic Acids and Polymers......Page 1352 Amino Acids......Page 1368 Vitamins and Neutraceuticals......Page 1374 Antibiotics......Page 1376 Biopharmaceuticals......Page 1379 FUTURE: BIOREFINERIES......Page 1381 REFERENCES......Page 1382 INTRODUCTION......Page 1385 INDUSTRIAL ENZYMES-PRODUCTION AND APPLICATIONS......Page 1386 Amylases......Page 1388 Glucose Isomerase......Page 1390 Proteases......Page 1391 Cellulases......Page 1393 INDUSTRIAL BIOCATALVSIS......Page 1395 Biocatalyst Discovery and Engineering......Page 1397 Biocatalytic Processes......Page 1401 Immobilized Enzymes......Page 1402 Whole Cell Biocatalysis......Page 1406 BIOREACTOR CONFIGURATIONS......Page 1408 Nonaqueous Biocatalysis......Page 1411 Products of Biocatalysis......Page 1412 Future Trends in Biocatalysis......Page 1425 REFERENCES......Page 1428 32 Industrial Production of Therapeutic Proteins: Cell Lines, Cell Culture, and Purification......Page 1431 HOST CELL LINES......Page 1437 Identifying High-Expressing Cells......Page 1438 Cell Banking......Page 1439 Commercial Serum-Free Media......Page 1440 Approaches for Serum-Free Medium Development......Page 1441 Serum-Free Adaptation......Page 1443 Stirred-Tank Systems......Page 1444 Disposable Bioreactors......Page 1445 CELL CULTURE PROCESS AND CONTROL......Page 1446 Mitigating Effects of Physical and Chemical Stress......Page 1447 Scale-Up of Mammalian Cell Bioreactors......Page 1449 PURIFICATION PROCESS......Page 1450 Clarification of Broth......Page 1451 Capture of Product......Page 1452 Removal of Impurities......Page 1453 Strategies for Scaling Up Purification Processes......Page 1454 REFERENCES......Page 1455 WHAT IS BIOMASS?......Page 1459 The Structure and Composition of Biomass......Page 1460 Biological Versus Thermochemical Processing......Page 1461 THE BIOREFINERV......Page 1464 Life-Cycle Assessments of

substantially Revising And Updating The Classic Reference In The Field, This Handbook Offers A Valuable Overview And Myriad Details On Current Chemical Processes, Products, And Practices. No Other Source Offers As Much Data On The Chemistry, Engineering, Economics, And Infrastructure Of The Industry.

the Handbook Serves A Spectrum Of Individuals, From Those Who Are Directly Involved In The Chemical Industry To Others In Related Industries And Activities. It Provides Not Only The Underlying Science And Technology For Important Industry Sectors (30 Of The Book’s 38 Chapters), But Also Broad Coverage Of Critical Supporting Topics. Industrial Processes And Products Can Be Much Enhanced Through Observing The Tenets And Applying The Methodologies Found In New Chapters On Green Engineering And Chemistry, Practical Catalysis, And Environmental Measurements; As Well As Expanded Treatment Of Safety And Emergency Preparedness. Understanding These Factors Allows Them To Be Part Of The Total Process And Helps Achieve Optimum Results In, For Example, Process Development, Review, And Modification. Other New Chapters Include Nanotechnology, Environmental Considerations In Facilities Planning, Biomass Utilization, Industrial Microbial Fermentation, Enzymes And Biocatalysis, The Nuclear Industry, And History Of The Chemical Industry.

"Building upon the previous ten reference editions, James A. Kent introduces an unprecedented and comprehensive two-volume handbook essential for a wide spectrum of individuals, from those who are directly involved in the chemical industry, to others involved in related fields such as manufacturing, process supervision, and process development. It provides not only the underlying science and technology for important industry sectors, but also broad coverage of critical supporting topics. Incorporating the most relevant and current technologies and information available in the field, the handbook covers such overarching topics as green engineering, process safety, utilization of renewable resources, fossil fuels, nuclear power, and many of the major individual components of the chemical process industry. The Editor's continued commitment to providing readers with only the most pertinent and contemporary information in the well-established field of Industrial Chemistry is particularly apparent in this eleventh edition. Every chapter in this edition has been thoroughly reviewed, analyzed, and updated by top experts in the field to reflect the changing nature of the industry."--Publisher's website